Nora and Medea Essay

Medea, in ‘Medea’, and Nora, in ‘A Doll’s House’, are both women who seem to suffer badly at the hands of their husbands in two male-dominated societies; the former in ancient Greece, the latter in nineteenth century Norway. Each does something important for her husband involving personal sacrifice, for which she expects certain treatment in return, but when this is not forthcoming, how do they react? Do they accept the roles of conventional wives, demure and weak? Or do they rebel and behave unconventionally? Medea’s culture dictated that women had almost no rights, and were regarded as little more than possessions: â€Å"we have to buy a husband [and] what we buy is someone to lord it over our body.† Although Nora’s culture allowed women more rights, they were still forbidden certain privileges; for example, â€Å"a wife can’t borrow without her husband’s consent.† This shows the male dominated societies the two women lived in, and the inferior role the wife was expected to play. Medea was not, however, quite the conventional female of her culture for she is described as, â€Å"a lioness, not human, wilder than Tyrrhenian Scylla.† Her use of masculine language – â€Å"I would rather fight three times,† – suggests she is almost male despite being a ‘model’ wife of her time: â€Å"I have borne you sons.† Nora also acts unconventionally for her era, â€Å"[borrowing] without her husband’s consent,† but is still a stereotypical wife in a sense, playing with her children and being her husband’s inferior, a ‘featherbrain’ and ‘skylark’. The sacrifices made by Medea for her husband Jason are considered â€Å"evil arts† in her society, and cause her banishment. It is interesting to note that Medea made those sacrifices because her heart was, â€Å"smitten with love for Jason.† She even lists them to Jason: â€Å"it was I who killed the sleepless serpent . . . . I betrayed my father and my home. . . . I killed King Pelias.† The severity of her sacrifice would be great in any culture, but to be stateless represented a death sentence in the Ancient Greek world. It is discernable from the above that Medea’s sacrifices were to protect Jason’s life and destroy his enemies, which mirrors the society they lived in, as it revolved around war and violence. Nora’s sacrifices seem mediocre in comparison to Medea’s, since they do not involve murder. â€Å"It was I who saved Torvald’s life,† is a simple statement, which gives the audience Nora’s motive for borrowing the money. Throughout the play, it is obvious that Nora loves Torvald, as she says, â€Å"if anything as horrid as that were to happen,† when Torvald jests about his demise. Nora borrowed the money to enable Torvald to go to Italy to recover his health, but she obviously did not wish to worry him: â€Å"[she] told him how nice it would be to have a holiday.† Nora accepted the roll of the ‘skylark’, even though it was demeaning, to hide the truth from Torvald. This reflects her society too, because keeping up middle class appearances was essential. After all the sacrifices made by Medea, and when she has come â€Å"to live . . . with her husband,† Jason refuses to acknowledge anything she has done for him, and claims, â€Å"that [his] only guardian on [his] travels . . . was Aphrodite, she alone.† In this sense, Jason expects Medea to be a ‘sacrificial lamb’ in their marriage, and to do his bidding without a thought of decent treatment or appreciation from him. He also becomes, â€Å"the traitor who has betrayed her bed,† by his marriage to the princess. He twists the facts of their lives to create the illusion that Medea is unjust in her expectations of him, and even goes so far as to say that it is for her own good: † I did it to safeguard you.† Furthermore, after Medea’s heart is broken, she is dealt a cruel blow when Creon tells her, â€Å"take your two sons and go, into exile.† Because of her love for Jason, and the sacrifices she has made for him, she is hated and feared by men; as she says, â€Å"I am alone and stateless.† Medea’s path seems to make her a ‘sacrificial lamb’ for Jason, since her situation is so hopeless: â€Å"plundered from a barbarian land, I have no mother, brother†¦ â€Å" In Nora’s case, when Torvald finds out about the borrowed money, he does not appreciate what she has done for him either, and does not reassure her as she anticipated. He overwhelms her with his reaction, not even allowing her to speak: â€Å"you wretched woman what have you done?† He insults her by saying she has, â€Å"no religion, no morality, no sense of duty.† This is ironic  because it is her love and ‘sense of duty’ that compelled her to break the law and borrow money in order to save his life. He rages at her, forcing her to see the reality that he only cares about himself: â€Å"you wrecked my happiness†¦my future.† He even asks her, â€Å"do you realize what you have done to me?† When Krogstad returns the bond, Torvald displays his selfishness further, and shocks Nora by declaring, â€Å"I’m saved!† But he then insults her and demeans her position by asserting that Nora’s ‘feminine helplessness’ made her, â€Å"twice as attractive to him.† Throughout this whole event Torvald exhibits his true self to Nora, astounding her by being a manifestation of selfishness and cowardice. Nora had expected him to be willing to sacrifice himself for her, as she had been willing to do for him. The harsh reality, however, was that Torvald was fully intending to sacrifice her to save himself. Therefore, Medea and Nora both expect a certain treatment from their husbands, which they do not get. In Medea’s case, Jason knew of her sacrifices, and refused to acknowledge them. Torvald did not know what Nora had done for him, but when the time came, he failed her in his reaction. In this, it is obvious that Torvald and Jason are very similar. Both wish to benefit from their wives’ sacrifices and refuse to commend them for their evident love. Their selfishness reflects the fact that in their respective societies the men expected their wives to do their bidding. Jason is typically male in his reaction, accusing Medea of being sex-crazed. Torvald, likewise, is the typically middle class husband concerned only with his own position, not his wife’s. Both Nora and Medea, after realizing the true characters of their husbands, seem blatantly to refuse to accept their roles as conventional victims of male dominance, and react in their own ways. They behave against what was expected of them. Medea’s reaction is not as astounding for an audience as Nora’s in my opinion, because Medea has a degree of blood lust and vengefulness about her, whereas Nora had been behaving like a ‘good’ wife  throughout the whole play, so her reaction is more powerful. Because of Medea’s character, she is, in my opinion, expected to take revenge on her husband: â€Å"let no one think me weak†¦ I am made of different stuff.† Nora does the exact opposite. She does not leave Torvald as an act of revenge, but does this for herself, as an act of self-discovery. This may again be linked to the societies the two women lived in. Medea’s culture was very violent and warlike, almost primitive, whereas Nora’s culture was not at all violent, and offered more opportunity for her to break free. Medea declares that she will, â€Å"triumph over [her] enemies,† and murders Creon and his daughter. The use of the words ‘triumph’ and ‘enemies’ is rather sinister imagery, which reinforces her vengeful spirit and masculine language. The two murders come as no surprise as that has been Medea’s method of treating her enemies. Her second bout of revenge truly shocks readers, for infanticide is completely against maternal principles. She is willing to sacrifice her own sons to torture Jason, as she coldly decides that, â€Å"Jason will never see alive again the sons he had by me.† Nora’s reaction is more modern and feminist, as she resolves that her most sacred duty is the, â€Å"duty to [herself].† She simply informs Torvald that she is leaving him and her children. Though this may not be so controversial today (at least in the West), in Nora’s culture, the family’s reputation would suffer greatly, and her own reputation would be almost certainly lost. Through the sacrifices the two characters willingly make for their husbands, whom they love, the two women act conventionally. After they see their husbands in their true lights, they each react in their own unconventional ways, and refuse to play the role of victim often given to women. In this, at least, they revolt totally against the stereotypes enforced by their respective patriarchal societies two thousand years apart, and behave similarly to women in more modern egalitarian societies.

Technology Life Cycle

All new technologies goes through a technology adoption life cycle in which certain market groups adopt the product before others are willing to do so. Here is each of the market groups: Innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Innovators in a general sense, is a person or an organization who is one of the first to introduce into reality something better than before. That often opens up a new area for others and achieves an innovation. They pursue new technology aggressively, learning about and evaluating new products in an effort to be first.They’re also relatively few in numbers—so for marketers, they represent a major key to the marketing campaign. Next down the list, early adopters are visionaries, not technologists. They are found at ease when imagining, understanding, and appreciating the advantage of new technology. When it comes to high-tech products, they’re looking for vital breakthroughs, not minor improvements. They rel y on their own intuition and vision to make their buying decisions, which make them the key to opening up a high-tech market group.Following, early majority customers are centered on the linking of practice and theory. The early majority know many of the upcoming inventions are just passing fads. They let the early adopters test the new technologies and post their experience with it to establish solid references. Approximately one-third of the adoption life cycle is early majority that is why this market group is the key to substantial profits and growth. Next, late majority adopters are conservative. They’re content to be followers, and often are not comfortable in their ability to handle new technology.They tend to wait until something has become standardized and seen a lot of support. Like the Early majority the late majority comprise about one-third of the entire buying population. This makes for high profitability, while its profits decrease as the produce matures, so do the selling costs, and virtually all the R&D costs have been amortized. Last of the cycle is laggards, this group are considered skeptics. They are very late adopters and in some cases they never adopt. If they do end up buying a new technology they tend to overlook it because it is a bi-product of another product.Realize that you’re not going to sell to this audience until very very late in your product life cycle, most likely when your product has become well accepted. In summary of the technology adoption life cycle, this cycle shows that technology is accepted in the community in stages which relates to the mental and collective understanding of the five groups that make up the community. The high-tech marketing model is a strategy that uses the technology adoption life cycle as the source to examine ways to market a product.It works by starting with the innovators by building a reputation and then moves to the next group, the early adopters, in hopes of the innovators c ompelling the early adopters to get on the â€Å"bandwagon†. The process continues all the way to laggards. The key to keep this process moving smoothly is to maintain a momentum, which makes it more natural for the next group to buy into the product. Another key is to keep up with the current technology by taking in the phrase â€Å"window of opportunity. † Competitors can easily overtake your market if the momentum is lost.The high-tech marketing model is a smooth transition that goes through stages of the technology adoption life cycle. If you can get there first, and establish a standard through the beginning of the cycle you gain a monopoly over the market in which you could gain high profits throughout the cycle and establish a sustained product. A good example of the previous concepts being used is the Lotus 1-2-3, which was the first spread sheet for IBM PC. The Innovators first started using lotus 1-2-3, stating that it was â€Å"slick† and â€Å"fastà ¢â‚¬ .Subsequently, the early adopters started using it because the new things they can do with it, such as the â€Å"what if† analysis. Next on the bandwagon, the early majority, they started using it because of its uses with common business operations. As it started to become standardized the late majority eventually fell into line. By the end of the 1980s it was pretty much the only standard program used for spreadsheets. There are several cracks in the technology adoption life cycle, from the innovators to the early adopters, from the early adopters to the early majority.But the latter happens to be the most challenging and an unrecognizable division chasm. The transition goes unnoticed because that in both groups the customer list and the size of the order can look relatively the same. The products that the early adopters buy, is some kind of change agent. Being the first in the industry gives a head start on the competition. When we move on to early majority they want to buy a productivity improvement for their current operations. Ultimately, they want evolution. This eventually leads to a catch-22.In a catch-22 situation the early adopters have already caught on and it has been publicized. In the end the product seems to never get past the early adopter group. When the promoters of high-tech products try to move on from their early adopters group, they leave the early majority without a reference and support. This chasm has made many marketers fail in the past. The early market is what the staff members interpret as sales of increasingly smooth curve, but in reality it is an initial blip and not an emerging mainstream market unfolding.Companies can fail when their managers don’t notice the transition from early adopters to early majority. This leads to high expectations and too much time spent on expansion rather than husbanding resources. This result in an illusion of high-tech marketing, which is the belief induced by the high-tech mark eting model that new markets unfold in a continuous and smooth way. While trying to avoid perils of the chasm, a new state needs to be established to examine and correct the flaws that are associated with the technology adoption life cycle. In turn, this provides a secure basis for marketing development with minimum problems.

Week paper study mode

This allows for real-time monitoring as well as report enervated analyses. However, there are a few cornerstone components that should be explored. The Manager, Agent, NIB, Probe, SNAP, and ROOM are probably the most valued components. Let us start with the Manager and Agent. These terms are very similar in concept to the client/server relationship. The Manager/Agent relationship is an asymmetric communication type that works in a way, much like a selectiveness. Take a look to the anaphoric (Figure 1). You can see how the manager acts as a client while the managed system acts as a server per SE.However, while animal, there is a difference from the client/server that should be noted when applying it to the Manager/Agent relationship. Where there typically is many clients to one server, there are many agent to one manager. (Clime 77) So now that we have that straightened out, let us look at each role a little closer. The Manager acts as the controller and reporter of the Network Manage ment System. It can physically be either an application or a user. Typically the manager is an application that monitors various devices also known as Network Elements, (NEST) on a network.Theses network elements managed by he manager are considered Agents. Agents respond back to requests from the manager for information. They send back vital information about the devices and the overall network to the manager. This is how the manager updates the data it can produce to be later analyzed by the Network Administrator or monitored in real-time. (Clime 77) If you look to the right (Figure 2), you can see an example of what the information might look like when reported back to the user. A Probe is the way the NIB retrieves the instances it stores.While the term probe may have many definitions, for our reposes, we will define it as: â€Å"A probe is a program or other device inserted at a key juncture in a network for the purpose of monitoring or collecting data about network activity. à ¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Probe†) So a probe can be used to gather information that will later be stored virtually in the NIB. A simple example of a probe is the very common â€Å"Ping† command. It sends out a packet to check for the existence of the EN on the Network. Next, let's look at one of the common protocols used in the Network Management System.Simple Network Management Protocol, commonly abbreviated as SNAP, is the rotator that enables a manager to communicate with the many agents on the network. SNAP operates on the application layer of the OSI model, due to it being a TCP/IP protocol. Every SNAP packet sent contains a community string a version number, and a command or response for the manager. (â€Å"Network Monitoring Sofa;are by Management Manager†) Finally, the last Common component to discuss is the ROOM. ROOM is short for remote monitoring. â€Å"ROOM is basically a special SNAP NIB that enables managers to delegate certain management tasks to so-called R OOM probes. (Clime 307) As you can tell, the ROOM utilizes and interacts with a few of the other key component ants already mentioned. Some of the ROOM probe functions are the ability to create dividing lines of certain thresholds for alerts or creating a probe to run hourly for status of a certain instance. In conclusion, the Network Management System is used to monitor and manage a network's stability and smooth operation. The Manager, Agent, NIB, SNAP, and ROOM are five of the main components to a MS. Through the utilization of these components, a Manager can interact with agents on the network.

US. Foreign Policy throttling the growth of Russian Economy Essay

US. Foreign Policy throttling the growth of Russian Economy - Essay Example The researcher has discussed that the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War left Russia with unresolved issues that the West vehemently needed to change. The imminent split of the Soviet Union had Russia with an area almost 70 percent of the former USSR. Moreover, all the nuclear warheads estimated to be about 27000 remain in the hands of Russia, making it a foe to the American national security interest. These factors influence policy in Washington to dislodge the power of the Russian Federation. The Russian relation with the U.S. has been shaky because of its domestic trajectory, regional influence, and its international department. Russia’s stance on Iran’s nuclear facilities, its increased energy activities in Europe as well as poor democratic processes have worried the U.S. for over two decades. Moreover, the Russia Georgia conflict was against the interests of America in the region. For these reasons, the U.S. has applied a tightened foreign policy toward Russia with the aim of weakening its economy. The aggressive foreign policy of the Reagan administration brought the imminent collapse of the Soviet Union. The U.S. support for guerrillas fighting in Afghanistan had negative consequences for the Russian defence spending. In addition, the U.S. programme in the defence system made the Soviet counteract with a similar programme, but it was expensive given that Russia could not match the U.S. defence spending. This brought strain to the Russian domestic economy. The programme coded â€Å"Star wars† negatively affected the Soviet political and economic institutions.

Inflation Control by Government of UK Economy Essay

Inflation Control by Government of UK Economy - Essay Example The rate of overall fixed capital formation in the UK is depressed by the very low level of public investment. During the 1970s and much of the 1980s the UK endured persistently high inflation. Despite high levels of unemployment, wage increases in the 1980s exceeded productivity growth, provoking strong upward pressure on prices. The boom of the late 1980s created a new inflationary surge, painfully controlled only by high interest rates and the early 1990s recession. Since then, however, the UK's inflation performance has improved markedly. The government has preferred measure of inflation, the RPIX (which excludes mortgage interest payments), has fluctuated within a narrow range in recent years and even came in below the official central target of 2.5% in 1999-2001. Meanwhile, inflation as measured by the EU's harmonised index averaged just 1.2% over 2001, the lowest rate in the EU. Two aspects of the UK's recent inflation performance are worth recording, however. The first is that there has been a significant divergence since mid-1998 between goods and service sector inflation, with the latter accounting for most of the increase in the consumer price index. In fact, in many parts of the goods sector (notably clothing, footwear and audio-visual equipment); prices actually fell in 2000 and 2001. A second aspect worth noting is the sharp (and probably unsustainable) appreciation of sterling's trade-weighted exchange rate since 1996, which has exerted considerable downward pressure on import prices. This paper discusses the inflation control methodologies in United Kingdom from 1994 to 2004. It shall also discuss how UK has managed its inflation in the last few decades. The paper shall also provide recommendations for inflation control by effective governance. Historical Monetary and Fiscal policies of UK Monetary policy The UK has experimented with numerous frameworks for monetary policy over the past 15 years. In the 1980s, the Conservative government tried in vain to target various measures of the money supply, before deciding to target the exchange rate. After "tracking" the D-mark in the late 1980s, the UK joined the EU's exchange-rate mechanism (ERM) in October 1990, only to be ejected two years later, in September 1992, when speculative pressures forced sterling out of the ERM. Following its exit, the UK was one of the first OECD countries to adopt inflation control. An inflation target range of 1-4% was initially set, but responsibility for setting interest rates remained with the government. When the Labour government came to power in 1997, its first significant decision was to grant operational independence for setting interest rates to a newly constituted Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) within the Bank of England. The responsibility fo

Critically evaluate the evidence suggesting that mTOR inhibitors can Essay

Critically evaluate the evidence suggesting that mTOR inhibitors can help induce tolerance to foreign antigens and discuss the i - Essay Example It integrates the cell signals that give information about the energy status of the cell, nutritional status, mitochondrial potential, oxygen tension, aminoacids, ATP, and growth signals. During nutritional deficiency, the mTOR signaling becomes active and increases the protein synthesis and increases the cell size. If something is lacking inside the cell, then mTOR will decrease the protein synthesis and thus decreases the cell size and there by reduces the energy expenditure of the cell and prevents cell proliferation. The mechanical induced overload-hypertropy is due to the mTOR and their activity is inhibited by the introduction of Rapamycin. (Polunovsky and Houghton, 2010). Immune system consists of many types of regulatory cells. The regulatory cells contribute to the immune tolerance and immune homeostasis through many different mechanisms. The manipulation of these cells therapeutically to improve the transplant tolerance has become the most important field of interest nowada ys. The important subsets of T cells are the CD4 (helper T cells) and CD 8 (Cytotoxic T cells) cells. Of these two types, CD4 T cells are called as regulatory or suppressor T cells. These cells are responsible for the immune toleran ce. (Fernandez 2010). These cells instead of increasing the immune response, decreases it there by enabling the transplant to get adapted to the body. They play an important role in auto immune reaction. The balance between the regulatory and the effector T cells are much necessary for the immune response and also for the controlling of many diseases. The developments of these regulatory cells are mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling protein. (mTOR protein complex). Rapamycin is isolated from the soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Rapamycin is commonly used as the immune suppressive drug in the transplant recipients and also found to inhibit the intracellular kinase of mTOR. (Polunovsky and Houghton, 2010). mTOR the check point protein kinase was found to have a major effect on the cell proliferation and growth, it is also found to have many downstream targeting based on phosphorylation of the protein. The major inputs for this protein are obtained from the growth factors and growth hormones such as insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-2 and some extracellular amino acids. (Polunovsky and Houghton, 2010).mTOR can also identify the status of the energy requirements and the redox level of the cell. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the signaling network only after the identification of the mTOR protein kinase. If this pathway is dysregulated in the human system, it leads to certain diseases in the human, most importantly some cancers. So a detailed study about the protein is very important. mTORs are high molecular weight molecules with many conserved structural domains. They contain 2549 amino acids with N-terminal containing 20 tandem HEAT repeats. (Hay and Sonenberg 2004). mTOR contains two protein complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 is the main upstream centre for growth factors, stress signals and nutrients. They also help to convert the anabolic and catabolic pathways of the cell for the normal functioning. The mTORC1 cell signaling is high associated with the human cancer. The signaling network of the mTOR contains many oncogenes such as EGFR, PDGFR, PI3K, Ras, Raf, S6K1, Akt and tumor suppressors such as PTEN, LKB1, PDCD4, NF1 and REDD1. (Polunovsky

I don't have one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

I don't have one - Essay Example Diageo financial reports for the year ended 30 June 2012 reveals the strength of the business. In summary, the business increased net sales by 6%, 9% in net operating profit, and 4% points of positive price/mix. Emerging markets played a big role in improving Diageo business, which amounted to about 40%. These emerging markets increased sales by 15% and operating profits by 23%. In addition, the business has free cash flow available for investment amounting to Euros one point six billion. Earnings per share went up by 13 % increasing final divided by 8%. The most important tool to an investor interested in stocks of Diageo is the income statement. From this statement earning per share in the year 2010 was at 72 pence and rose to 83.6 pence in the year 2011. Profits went up too by 292 million Euros. Operating profit went up by 133 euros. The margins are also at 29.4, which is higher than the previous year.This is a good indicator that of how company’s stocks are fairing in the market. The balance sheet of Diageo will help an investor see the extent of expansion of the company and diversification of its markets. A balance sheet gives the information on the value of the assets of the company and their growth over the last few years. From Diageo’s balance sheet, an investor can see there is a big growth in assets of the company from emerging markets. In addition, the balance sheet of Diageo reveals that 2% volume growth is driven by growth in strategic brands, emerging markets, premium plus products, innovation, and acquis itions. The stocks of Diageo earn good dividends and present great growth over the last few years. Thus, I would advice an investor to take up the shares. Stocks of international companies are a bit tricky to analyse. One reason is that hey are affected by issues like dramatic change in market value, politics, reliance on foreign legal remedies, and poor

Ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Ethnography - Essay Example Thus, through this method, ethnography was created and later developed to become one of the most important contributions of human society to the science of knowledge in the 20th century. As ethnography became the predominant form of data collection in this period, one of its proponents, Clifford Geertz, considered this new, emerging form of social science as a "thick description." Ethnography as a social science that possesses "thick description" is reflective of its ability to bring out a multitude of perspectives from a single observation of a society or culture. However, this very character of ethnography as a social science is also 'interpreted' in various ways, and this will be the focus of the discussions that follow from this text. Discussing and analyzing the works of Clifford Geertz, Peter Winch, and Charles Taylor concerning the issue of ethnography as an alternative form of knowledge and perspective in the field of social science, the concept of "thick description" is best illustrated. This paper posits that Geertz, Winch, and Taylor's interpretations of ethnography as a "thick description" contained variations of how each proponent viewed research in social science must be conducted. Each proponent offered different views on the epistemological roots of ethnography both as a methodological and conceptual discipline or field of study in social science. II. Clifford Geertz: Balance between quantitative and ethnographic data Clifford Geertz is one of the leading ethnologists that began the 'ethnographic revolution,' an American social scientist who developed the field of symbolic anthropology, wherein symbols and rituals are interpreted based not on their ecological and economic meanings, but on the meanings of these symbols and rituals within the context of the culture wherein they are found and practiced. He was also the one who introduced the term "thick description" to describe the science of ethnography. In order to make sense of this concept of 'thick description,' it is best to understand how Geertz utilized his knowledge and ability to interpret cultures using a different, non-Western perspective in his classic work, "Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight." In this particular ethnographic study, Geertz looked into Balinese society and culture in terms of its most dominant and prevalent ritual: cockfighting. In "Deep Play," the anthropologist interpreted Balinese cockfighting as a ritual that is symbolic in nature, wherein his interpretations included the findings that cockfighting is symbolic of Balinese men's masculinity, and the collective nature of Balinese society in general. Cockfighting as a ritual that reflected Balinese men's masculinity is specifically represented by the cock itself, wherein the Balinese man "is identifying not just with his ideal self, or even his penis, but also, at the same time, with what he most fears, hates" Moreover, as a collective ritual participated by the many, Balinese cockfights are also symbolic of what Geertz termed as the "migration of the Balinese status hierarchy into the body of the cockfight" (Geertz, 1973). Both in individualistic and

MGT 5A1 Principles of Human Resources Assessment Task Specifications Essay

MGT 5A1 Principles of Human Resources Assessment Task Specifications On this module the formative activities (developmental, pr - Essay Example The role of human resource in managing the employees plays a major role in the success of the business (Fisher, et al, 1990). The department is thorough in the recruitment of employees and only goes for the best qualified individuals in the market. Hiring is on merit. The human resource of Barclays Bank Kenya effectively takes part in the strategic plan of the company through ensuring effective communication from the employer to employees on company objectives. Another way the human resource of Barclays Bank stands out is the effective way in which it handles employee problems. They easily voice their concerns to the human resource without fear of victimization. Another benefit Barclays Kenya stands out for in the market is the benefits employees receive by working there. The company maintains a great pension scheme to allow the employees receive a good pension during retirement. In addition, human resource fosters good relations with employees by working on employee welfare. The ban k holds an annual Family day to bring together the families of employees for a day of sports and fun. The bank also engages the employees in team building activities such as planting trees and offering community service. Human resource organizes community projects to allow employees give back to their communities. This gives employees a sense of pride and self realization by giving back to society. From the evident strong human resource management team in Barclays Bank Kenya, recommendations to other companies suggest that they borrow some of the strategies of the Bank to improve their own human resource departments. Barclays Bank is an international organization, and therefore has experience with several workers from various parts of the world and over a long period of time. Therefore, the human resource department of the company is mature in comparison to other companies. Many companies, especially in the developing world hire individuals based on prejudices such as ethnicity, nep otism, tribalism and discrimination. However, Barclays Bank Kenya, despite having its location in a developing company has a reputation of fairness in hiring as it takes employees based on merit only. Therefore, this practice ought to be adopted by many companies of the sort. A second recommendation that other companies ought to learn from Barclays Bank Kenya is the skill of listening to the opinions of employees. Many employees face harsh treatment and sometimes-unlawful dismissal due to airing of sensitive issues to management. However, the human resource ought to understand that employee opinion is fundamental in running a company and attaining the objectives. Complaints brought forward by employees require serious attention. Dismissing them as acts of rebellion by employees is naive and only leads to poor relations between employers and employees. Therefore, employee feedback requires encouragement, even if it incriminates the administration. Listening to employees reduces strik es, demonstrations and go slows. Therefore, other human resource departments ought to emulate the ethical behavior of Barclays Bank Kenya of listening to their employees and acting on the issues brought forth. In the long run, it promotes the success of the company due to encouraging good relationships between employees to the human resource department (Bianca, 2013). Companies receive recommendation to emulate the human resource practice of Barclays Bank

Strategic Management Accounting for Shareholder Value Maximisation Essay

Strategic Management Accounting for Shareholder Value Maximisation - Essay Example This report presents an insightful study on the concept of shareholder value maximisation and the efforts that are undertaken by management to achieve it. It demonstrates that in an effort to enhance shareholder value the management generally puts behind the importance of serving the interest of other stakeholders like employees, customers, suppliers and society that share a long-term association with the company. However, protection of interests of these stakeholders is important to ensure the maximisation of shareholder value. This report, therefore, concludes that in order to accomplish the objective of shareholder value maximisation in an effective manner, the management should also strive to serve the interests of other stakeholders. Shareholders are the true owners of a company and have ultimate residual claims on its financial assets. Management is responsible to serve the interests of shareholders and engage the efforts of the whole organisation towards the enhancement of val ue for shareholders as well as the other stakeholders that have their interest in the corporation.

European community law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European community law - Essay Example In addition, such compensation had to be made to a person, even if the infringement was the outcome of a decision of the court of last instance. However, the court would be liable, only if the violation was sufficiently serious and a direct causal relationship could be established between the infringement and the harm caused to the injured party (Kobler v Austria). Moreover, the highest national courts act as the court of last resort for individuals to rely on the rights provided by EC law. These courts of final instance are also duty bound to request a preliminary ruling, on the basis of the provisions of Article 234(3) EC. The ECJ, after taking these issues into account has ruled in favour of state liability being extended to judicial infringements. The ECJ rejected the argument that the principles of legal certainty and res iudicata would be affected adversely. It stated that proceedings to make a Member State liable would not have an impact on a national court’s decision a s res iudicata. This opinion of the ECJ was founded on the contention that â€Å"proceedings seeking to render the State liable do not have the same purpose and do not necessarily involve the same parties as the proceedings resulting in the decision which has acquired the status of res iudicata.† (Council of Europe). This line of reasoning of the ECJ was held by some to be specious. Their arguments were based on the premise that the national courts were compelled to reconsider disputed decisions, in order to determine whether such decisions were really infringing EC law (Council of Europe). They were also required to find out the reasoning behind such decisions Individuals can claim against a Member State if it fails to implement a Directive or if its domestic law infringes European Community (EC) Law. In addition, no Member State can enact legislation that attempts to exclude state liability. The misinterpretation of provisions of EC Law will be treated as infringement (Trag hetti del Mediterraneo SpA, in liquidation v Repubblica italiana). Furthermore, the Community law disallows the enactment of legislation that seeks to limit liability to instances of intentional fault and serious misconduct of the courts. Such limitation is in the context of laws that are aimed at circumventing the liability of the Member State in other case, wherein there had been an explicit breach of the relevant law (Traghetti del Mediterraneo SpA, in liquidation v Repubblica italiana). Hence, the competent national courts have to investigate the gravity of the infringement in the decision of a court. Such competent courts have to consider the judicial function of the infringing court and ascertain whether this infringement was obvious. It was also held by the ECJ that conditions, such as the special length-of-service increment under Austrian law, served to hinder the free movement of workers. Any hindrance to the free movement of goods or workers was against the objectives of t he European Union; consequently, the Austrian condition was untenable (Wissink 419). In Brasserie du Pecheur, the ECJ established the concept of state liability. However, there was considerable confusion as to whether such liability was applicable to infringements committed by national courts. The ECJ eliminated this muddled understanding, via its decision in Kobler (Council of Europe). In this case, it ruled that Member States were also liable for breach of EC law by their national judicial authorities. In Kobler, the ECJ clearly established that breach of

Father Brown vs Brother Cadfael Essay Example for Free

Father Brown vs Brother Cadfael Essay Father Brown and Brother Cadfael were both men of the church who were put into situations where they needed to solve some sort of crime. Unmistakably the two had similarities in how they solve the crime. Who would have been better to solve a crime than a man of God? They had their differences in how they did their job as well. Most of all, they had the biggest difference, which is the dissimilarity in what they believed. They didn’t solve the same crime, but how they did it was similar in certain ways. Brother Cadfael and Father Brown were both crime-solving men, who had some similarities. They were both behind the scenes doing work, as they tried to find clues in there own way. Ultimately Brown was more observant with his listening, while Cadfael was more observant with his sight and his touch. They were very similar in some ways and both wanted to get the job done. The notably natural detectives both share the want to solve the crime. Although they have many similarities, they also have many differences. Cadfael and Brown undoubtedly had the want to solve the crime, but how they solve it is the difference. Naturally, the two â€Å"detectives† have a lot of differences ranging from a variety of things. Cadfael had to touch the body and had to get into the nitty gritty work, while Brown listened and observed from a distance. Brown could find out who did it and what happened fairly quickly while it took Cadfael much longer to understand what happened and who did it. Cadfael had a rough life in the army and joined ministry because he wanted a quiet life. He did not join in because he wanted to serve the Lord. Brown loves the lord and people and that was a big difference between the two. Brown was very observant and knows different characteristics, such as on page 84 in the story â€Å"the salad of Cornel Cray† Brown says â€Å"real madmen always encourages their own morbidity. They never strive against it. But you are trying to find traces of the burglar; even when there aren’t any. You are struggling against it. You want what no man wants. † This insists that Brown knew far more about people’s habits than Cadfael did. The two of them had a lot of differences and they were as close to opposite as you could get. They had differences of solving the case but also in how they view what was going on. There way of the solving the case was different and so was their world view. Brown wanted to solve the crime and to make the world a better place, while Cadfael just wanted to get it over with so that he can go back to his peaceful life. Specifically, Cadfael was a man from the army before his life in the church. All Cadfael wanted was a life of peace, especially from his service to his country. Cadfael had felt no remorse from the men he had killed. Cadfael wasn’t doing some of the work for God he was doing the work for himself. Brown was doing what he did for God and so that the world would be a better place, and not for his own good. The cautious but completely clever Father Brown had a sense of heart, when a war hero was the bad guy he didn’t do anything because he didn’t want to bring disgrace to a national hero. Cadfael would possibly want the glory to be brought to him, and Brown would want everything be solved, they are very different on their view of how things work. Father Brown and Brother Cadfael were crime solving, God following men. Under one God they serviced. They were alike in some ways. Also they were different in many ways. When it came to their worldview, the two of them were very far apart. When it came to crime solving they had a few similarities. They also had lots of differences and each had their own advantage in that case. When it comes down to the point they get the job done. Altogether they both had their strengths and weaknesses. The aggressive detectives always did get the job done.

Development of Online eResume with Job Portal

Development of Online eResume with Job Portal 7.3.3 Sequence diagram for Employer Figure No. 7.3.2: Sequence diagram for Employer This sequence starts with Employer authenticating into the system. After successful authenticating, Employer will login to Job Portal. Employer can post jobs in job portal and display in main page. And Employer can view the user profile who applied for that job. 7.4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM An activity diagram represents the work flow of a particular part of a system or an whole system. This system has the following activity models based on the modules. 7.4.1 Activity diagram for User Figure No. 7.4.1: Activity diagram for User 7.4.2 Activity diagram for Employer Figure No. 7.4.2: Activity diagram for Employer 7.4.3 Activity diagram for Administrator Figure No. 7.4.3: Activity diagram for Administrator 7.5 DATABASE TABLE DIAGRAM Users (Job Seekers) Registration Contact Information Login Page Current Employment details Education background Uploading resume Industry_type Table Experience Type Job Type Posting Jobs Jobs Table Resume Table 8. IMPLEMENTATION 8.1 XAMP SERVER XAMP is a free and open source cross platform web server. It includes Apache HTTP Server, MYSQL Database, and Interpreters for scripts written in php and perl programming languages. XAMP designers main intended to use as a web development tool and it provide many security features by default. It allows web site designers and programmers to test their work on computer without using internet. so it can runs on the localhost. MYSQL: MYSQL is an open source SQL relational database management system. XAMP is also support for creating and manipulating the database in MYSQL. In MYSQL default username is root and it does not have any default password. 8.2 CODEIGNITOR Codeignitor is a opensource and powerfull web application PHP framework. Codeignitor was released by EllisLab and created by Rick Ellis in February 28, 2006. It is use for building dynamic web pages. Codeignitor has gained its popularity only because of speed, light and easy use than any other framework. GitHub is the main cloude source for codeignitor. Latest version of codeignitor 3.0.0 and its license its maintained by Apache/BSD-style. Codeignitor framework includes support programs, code libraries, compilers, tool sets and application programming interface (APIs) that bring together all the different components to enable development of projects and it minimizing the amount of code. Codeignitor uses model, view, controller (MVC) approach. MVC Pattern seperats the representation of data from the logic of the application. View: what the visitors of the web application see Controller: Handling the incoming requests and validating input and showing the right view. Model: Accessing the database and executing the operations. 8.3 TECHNOLOGIES 8.3.1 HTML HTML or HyperText Markup Language is the standard markup language used to create web pages. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like ). HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like and , although some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example . The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page. HTML is used to describe the structure of a website semantically along with cues for presentation, making it a markup language rather than a programming language.HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web pages. 8.3.2 JavaScript JavaScript is a object based scripting language that adds interactivity to web pages. It allows client-side scripts tointeract with the user, control the browser, communicateasynchronously, and alter thedocument contentthat is displayed. It is also used in server-side network programming with runtime environments such asgame development and the creation of desktop and mobile applications JavaScript is also used in environments that are not web based, such asPDFdocuments,site-specific browsers, anddesktop widgets. 8.3.3 PHP PHP is a programming language and an open source technology. It is mainly used for web applications. PHP is a powerfull way to create dynamic web pages that interact with visitors. PHP runs on various platform(windows, linux, unix, mac OS X). it is compatible with almost all server. It support wide-range of database. It is free, easy to learn and runs efficiently on server side. The PHP code start with . MYSQL acts as a back-end database server and helps in data storage and manipulation of data stored at MYSQL database server. In eResume with Job Portal application using php technology with the help of codeignitor framework and following MVC approach. 8.3.4 Bootstrap Bootstrap is a free and open source and front-end framework and it also a web application framework. Originally named Twitter Blueprint. Developed by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton. It is a collection of tools for creating websites and web application. It contains HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Forms, Buttons, Navigation and other interface components. To develop successful software with more complex and faster programming environment bootstrap is referred. With a simple basic text editor the environment is made simple and easy to understand, which also help in writing the high level languages until one can have graphical IDE. In eResume with Job Portal application using bootstrap for fully-responsive website. 8.3.5 Jquery Jquery is a free and open source, cross platform JavaScript library. Using jquery it easier to navigate a document. Can select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop Ajax applications. Based on CSS selectors DOM manipulation is preceded, which uses elements names and attributes. The major feature of jquery which all the featured software developer look forward to is effects and animation which jquery can make it possible. Jquery can also be extensible through plugins. This also supports all the browsers, which is flexible to use it. 9. TESTING 9.1 INTRODUCTION Testing is a process of executing a programs or applications to find the bugs. It meets the business and technical requirements that shows the design and development phase. The main objective of testing is to maintain and deliver the quality of product to the client. Testing is the process of analyzing a software system to detect the differences between existing and required conditions (that is defects/errors/bugs) and to evaluate the features of the software system. 9.2 Goals of Testing It is the mechanism of knowing that what the expected result and what the actual result got. The main goals of testing are: Identifying bugs as early as possible Correct the bugs or errors in application or product Check whether customer satisfied for their requirements Finally the main goal of testing to measure the quality of product. 9.3 Types of Testing Following types of testings are conducted on eResume with Job Portal Unit testing Integration testing System testing 9.3.1 Unit Testing Unit testing simply verifies that individual units of code (mostly functions) work as expected. It follows white box testing (Logic of the program). It done by developers. In eResume with Job Portal application each feature is tested individually to perform its task as expected. 9.3.2 Integration Testing After completing unit testing successfully, programmers or developers can combine two or more modules. Integration testing tests integration or interface between components and integrations to different parts of the system such as operating system, file system or interface between systems. 9.3.3 System Testing After completing unit and integration testing, system testing tests the full eResume with Job Portal application based on the requirements. So it integrates all modules to perform black box testing. System testing performs different testing’s: Usability Testing Functional Testing Performance Testing Security Testing 9.3.3.1 Usability Testing In Usability Testing team concentrate on the user friendliness of build interface. Screen should be understandable to operate by End users. 9.3.3.2 Functional Testing The process of checking the behavior of application and checking all requirements working properly or not. 9.3.3.3 Performance Testing Performance testing is testing that is performed, to determine how system perform under a particular workload. It can compare two system to find which perform is better and system can check where workload causes the system to perform badly. 9.3.3.4 Security Testing In security testing check whether the application or the product is secured or not. System protects against unauthorized internal or external access. 9.4 Test Results 10 CONCLUSION â€Å"eResume with Job Portal† is an important issue in today’s global market. This application briefly explained how available technology can possibly help, employer and job seekers process are implemented. Developing the project has helped some experience on real time development procedures. This application provides a platform for job seekers and employers to meet under one roof. The technical advantages of this application are Economically feasible User interface Reliable Accurate PDF data export 11. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS The following features can be added as the future enhancements Future versions of the application will concentrate more on the scalability, performance and maintenance of the application when there are more functionalities added into the application And also planning to provide offline registration for job seekers who are unable to register online. 12. SCREEN SHOTS 12.1 Job Seeker Login Page Figure No. 12.1: Login Page for Job Seekers Description: The above figure no: 12.1 represents the login module for the job seeker; this module will be the primary authentication for the members who are registered to use this web application. 12.2 Dashboard (Job Portal) Figure No. 12.2: Dashboard Description: The figure no: 12.2 represent the dashboard after a successful login of the job seeker. Here the user can check statistics and manage the profile. The statistics are displayed in the form of numbers, charts and graphs. 12.3 Adding Resume Templates Figure No. 12.3: Adding Resume Templates Description: The job seekers can create their own template by the module given above. This module consists of fields which the user is required to fill it up, further to which led to the creation of resume template. 12.4 Searching Jobs Figure No. 12.4: Searching Jobs Description: The above module is used by the job seekers to search for a job according to the queries which is set by the job seeker. The job seeker can select the required industry, the type of carrier and experience to which the results are displayed if the jobs are available. 12.5 Posting Jobs Figure No. 12.4: Posting Jobs Description: If there is any requirement for an organization the above module helps to post job in the web application. This module includes fields which the job provider are required to fill up, after a successful job post the jobs will be displayed to the other members to seek job. 13. BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] A job Portal â€Å"Exclusively for the persons with disabilities† Jan 21, 2014(White Papers / Approach Papers) www.ciispecialabilityjobs.in [2] White Papers: CV Resume, Robert Tearle, Founder, November 17, 2013 B M S College of Engineering Department of CA 2015

Implementing a Management Information System

Implementing a Management Information System Chapter No. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Aim The basic purpose of this research is to get knowledge about the implementing a management information system in an organization. Moreover, it judges the convenience of a management information system in an organization in managing the information. By implementing this management information system, the management of information becomes easier for the managers. 1.2 Scope This project is not a very complicated according to the concepts, but still it is a challenging task for the mangers to implement this system in their organizations. This research is basically depends upon the general ideas and experimentation to resolve problems and get to the faster solutions for managers. 1.3 Research Objectives Appraise critically and review the literature related to the MIS. Make systems according to the mangers requirements that help them to get the information faster and accurate. Make systems that help the managers to search the database quickly. Make the information process system faster for the managers to minimize the time. 1.4 Research Questions Which are the factors that are affecting the proper working of management information system within the company? How the management information system can help the managers to take accurate and efficient decisions? What is the role of management information system in the development and growth of the company? What are the recommendations to the company to get better use of management information system? 1.5 PURPOSE OF STUDY The use of Management Information System in the business organizations is more common. The purpose of the research is to assess the impact of implementation of Management Information System (MIS) to Habib Bank Limited. So the study was conducted to see the MIS affects on the performance of bank after its implementation. 1.6 HYPOTHESIS H0: Management Information Systems (MIS) is not an effective tool for the organization. H1: Management Information Systems (MIS) is an effective tool for the organization. 1.7 HABIB BANK LIMITED â€Å"HBL was the first commercial bank established in Pakistan in 1947. Over the years, HBL has grown its branch network and become the largest private sector bank with over 1450 branches across the country and a customer base exceeding five million relationships. The Government of Pakistan privatized HBL in 2004 through which AKFED acquired 51% of the Banks shareholding and management control. With a presence in 25 countries, subsidiaries in Hong Kong and the UK, affiliates in Nepal, Nigeria, Kenya and Kyrgyzstan and rep offices in Iran and China, HBL is also the largest domestic multinational. The Bank is expanding its presence in principal international markets including the UK, UAE, South and Central Asia, Africa and the Far East. Key areas of operations include product offerings and services in Retail and Consumer Banking. HBL has the biggest Corporate Banking portfolio in the country with a dynamic Investment Banking section. SME and Agriculture lending programs and banking services are offered in urban and rural canters.† (www.habibbankltd.com). â€Å"With a customer base of 5 million and a network of more than 1,450 branches in Pakistan, HBL is the largest private bank in the country. The network means that bank is geographically closer to its customers than any other bank. This gives the insights needed to provide a variety of products that directly reflect customer needs. Bank remains resolute in the commitment to provide products that are competitive and services that are exemplary.† (www.habibbankltd.com) Today, HBL plays a central role in Pakistans financial and economic development. It started its operations in Bombay in 1941 with a fixed capital of 25,000 rupees. Impressed by its primary performance, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah (the founder of Pakistan) asked the Bank to shift its operations to Karachi after the creation of Pakistan. HBL recognized itself in the Quaids city in 1943 and became a symbol of pride and growth for the people of Pakistan. 1.8 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Management Information System is a system that provides people with either data or information related to an organizations operations. MIS support the activities of employees, owners, customers and other key people in the organizations environment either by efficiently processing data to assist with the than section work load or by effectively supplying information to authorized people in a timely manner. A management information system (MIS) is the collection of system, both computerized and manual, that provides information about on going activities to an organizations decision makers. The management information system of Habib Bank Limited has following major divisions: * Transaction Processing System * Management Reporting System * Decision Support System * Office Information System. 1.9 TRANSACTION PROCESSION SYSTEM OF HABIB BANK LIMITED Transaction processing system supports the processing of Habib Bank Limited by automating the process of voluminous amounts of paperwork that must be handled daily. These systems include accurate recording of daily Transactions, controlling the procedure of issuance e.g. issuance of pay cheques invoices, customer statements, payment remainders, tuition bills and employee schedules etc. 1.10 Transaction Processing Functions There are three steps of processing a transaction. 1.10.1 Book Keeping First of all accurate record of transaction is recorded e.g. recording the deposits or withdrawals of account holders. This recording of transaction is called Book Keeping involving applications of financial accounting. 1.10.2 Issuance It refers to the production of pay cheques, invoices, periodic statements as monthly telephone bills, credit card bills and payment remainders etc. 1.10.3 Control Reporting Reports that are produced as a by product of transaction processing operation and that also serves operation control purposes are called control reports, as pay cheques are of Habib Bank are produced in batches, like wise the payroll edit report is produced to show the pay scheme of employees. 1.11 MANAGEMENT REPORTING SYSTEM Management Reporting System is an information system that provides predefined types of information to management. At Habib Bank Management Reporting System is used not only in management planning but also in managing the control system. 1.12 Properties of Management Reporting System 1.12.1 Support Management Reporting System supports structured and semi-structured decision, primarily at the middle-and lower-management levels. 1.12.2 Provision of Information Management Reporting System Provides fixed types of information, in an established format; the formation requirements of users are normally known and stable. 1.12.3 Nature of Management Reports Often implemented with voluminous, hardcopy reports, requiring each user to search specifically for key information. Frequently require a formal request to be submitted; formal systems development may be required to approve the request. 1.12.4 Data It has usually consisted of internal operational data, rather than data about the external environment. It concerned with data about the past than data relating to the future. 1.13 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM It is a system that provides tools to managers to assist them in solving semi-structured and unstructured problems in their own somewhat personalized way. At Habib Bank decisions are only taken by Board of Directors otherwise usually predefined decisions are there for managers to follow. 1.14 Properties of Decision Support System of Habib Bank 1.14.1 Support Decision Support System supports semi-structured or unstructured decision-making. 1.14.2 Flexibility The Decision Support System of Habib Bank is flexible enough to respond to the changing needs of decisions makers. 1.14.3 Application Way Decision support system of Habib Bank is easy to use. 1.14.4 Fastness Decision Support System is fast in responding with a high degree of user control and interaction. 1.15 Types of Decisions Taken 1.15.1 Unstructured Decisions This is the decision for which information provided by computer or men is not complete but is a small portion of the total knowledge required to make a decision. 1.15.2 Semi-structured Decisions The decision made under a condition in which the information about problem to be solved is not complete is called semi-structured decision. 1.16 OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEM OF HABIB BANK The combination of new technologies as hardware, software, facsimiles e-mails and the people availing their services makes the office information system. 1.17 Components of Office Information System of Habib Bank There are 3 major components of Office Information System, Document Management System, Message Handling System, and Office Support System. 1.18 Document Management System of Habib Bank Document Management System of Habib Bank is partly manual and partly computerized. 1.19.1 Reprographic System In each branch of Habib Bank Reprographic machines are there for making copies of required documents. 1.19.2 Word Processing System At Habib Bank the office system technology which is used is word processing involving hard ware and soft ware tools which allows computer system to operate. 1.20 Message Handling System of Habib Bank It is one of major applications of Office Information System. At Habib Bank the message handling system is of following. 1.20.1 Facsimiles Fax machines are there to receive and send faxes in other branches of Habib Bank. 1.20.2 Electronic Mail Electronic mail is used to receive and send messages to other branches. 1.21 Office Support System Many applications collectively help in working of groups, which are known as Office Support System. 1.22 Office Support System of Habib Bank 1.22.1 Group Ware Habib Bank provides group ware in following ways. 1. Word processing services. 2. Using fax mails. 3. Availability to on- line Data. 1.23 WORKING OF MIS IN DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS OF HABIB BANK LIMITED 1.23.1 DEPOSIT DEPARTMENT Activity of account opening and deposit department are the followings: a) Opening new accounts. b) Maintain of deposits of the account holders. c) Processing can stop payment instructions. d) To give fresh cheque books. e) To make amendments in the existing accounts. f) Closing the accounts of accounts holders (if required). Almost all the activities mentioned above are performed through computer. The computer maintains all records of each and every client. Vouchers have been prepared and send to the MIS department for daily transactions and making changes in customers accounts. 1.23.2 CASH DEALING DEPARTMENT The major functions of cash dealing departments are: a) Cash receipts. b) To cash cheques. All the regarding date, account number, tile of account, balance of account holder and the signature of customer have been verified through computer. 1.23.3 REMITTANCE DEPARTMENT The major functions performed by remittance department are: a) Pay order. b) Demand like drafts on need. c) Post transport. d) Telegraphic transfer. Fax and telephone are the major source of performing such activities. 1.23.4 IMPORT DEPARTMENT Three major functions performed by the import department: a) L/C opening. b) Lodgement of papers and documents. c) Retirement of papers and documents. Import department is considered to be one of the most important departments of the bank. It handles the import licensing and imports of merchandise. Imports can be separated into two categories: a) Industrial Imports. b) Commercial and industrial Imports. Export Promotion Bureau makes registration of imports, Document required for sole proprietor partnership concern and limited concerns are different. 1.23.5 EXPORT DEPARTMENT Export is a major source of earning foreign exchange. Every country wants to increase its exports because the foreign exchange earned through exports can help in meeting the other needs of the countries. The computer keeps the records of each and every dealing which has been made by the customer for import export purposes. The records concerning his past and present performance and balance of accounts helps to make further decisions whether to give him loan or not. 1.23.6 PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT Personal department uses computer for smooth functioning of work. The main functions performed by Personnel Department of Habib Bank are: a) Selection and recruitment. b) Training and growth. c) Job explanation and estimation. d) Periodic review e) Communication 1.23.7 MARKETING DEPARTMENT Consumer satisfaction is the first and for most priority for the bank. The marketing management makes policies for the better services of satisfaction of consumer. The process includes: a) Finding out consumer wants and needs through marketing research. b) Finding possibilities and then development of those wants and needs. c) Establishing meaningful relations with customers. d) Improving of product development for customers. It is also the function of the organization to keep in constant contact with the consumer, read their needs, developed the product that can fulfil their needs and build the aim that express organizational purpose. Bankers also try to locate their past customers for offering more facilities to them. The computer provides every past and present updated account of each customer. Chapter No. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 A System for obtaining Management Information â€Å"To get the better speedy management information, management may either use the services from a computer bureau, or they store their own computerized system.†(David Freestone). 2.1 Establishment of Management Information Systems â€Å"Technology is improving the speed and reliability with which information is passed not only around the individual organization but also around the globe, and `dramatic reductions in the cost of obtaining, processing and transmitting information are changing the way we do business.† (Porter and Millar, 1991). â€Å"Technology can assist those small firms that use these new technologies not only for data storage and transmission, but also to differentiate their products or to attack new market niches. The implementation should be handled by the team who will be able to handle key tropical areas.† (Nancy and Peter 2003). 2.2 Role of Management Information System â€Å"Basically a management information system is depending upon other independent systems which are working in a combination to provide proper management information and transformed information. By recognizing the data that what information managers required to manage the organization is a starting point for making a proper information system.† (Tony Hines, 1995). 2.3 DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM AT SOUTH BANK POLYTECHNIC â€Å"The prospect of wholly independent status for South Bank Polytechnic in the late 1980s, responsible for its own finance, property and personnel, gave considerable motivation towards improving management structures and information systems. In the Peat Marwick McLintock analysis, the overall management information wants the Polytechnic recognized the interrelationship of five information sources: staff, students (enrolment and applications), resources (finance), space and curriculum. The Management Information System under development reflects this with an additional component called Performance Indicators, which is generated within the system.†(Perry P, Payne C, Geddes T (1991). 2.4 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) â€Å"According to Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane Price Laudon mentioned in their book Management Information Systems: A contemporary Perspective, an information system is a set of procedures that collects (or retrieves), processes, stores, and disseminates information to support decision making and control. In most cases, information systems are formal, computer-based systems that play an integral role in organizations. Although information systems are computer based, it is important to note that any old computer or software program is not necessarily an information system.† â€Å"Electronic computers and interrelated software programs are the technical foundation, the tools and materials, of modern information systems,† Laudon and Laudon wrote. Understanding information systems, though, requires one to understand the problems they are designed to solve, the architectural and design solutions, and the organizational processes that lead to these solutions. 2.5 Systems Development â€Å"The development of effective information systems holds a number of challenges for small businesses. Despite, or perhaps because of, the quick development of computer technology, there is nothing easy or mechanical about building workable information systems, Laudon and Laudon stated.† Building, operating, and maintaining information systems are challenging for a number of reasons. For example, some information cannot be captured and put into a system. Computers frequently cannot be programmed to take into account participant responses to marketing strategy or changes in economic conditions, among other things. Adding up, the worth of information erodes over time, and rapid changes in technology can make systems become outdated very quickly. In conclusion, many companies find systems development to be problematic because the services of skilled programmers are at a premium. The momentum to develop a new information system can grow up of end-user demands, the availability of new technology, or management strategy. A range of tools exists for analyzing a companys information requirements and designing systems to support them. The fundamental process of systems development involves defining the project, creating a model of the current system, deriving a model for the new system, measuring the costs and benefits of all alternatives, selecting the best option, designing the new system, completing the specific programming functions, installing and testing the new system, and completing a post-implementation audit. The organization must develop a technique for ensuring that the most important systems are attended to first, that unnecessary systems are not built, and that end users have a full and meaningful role in determining which new systems will be built and how, according to Laudon and Laudon. (Thomson Gale, 2002) 2.6 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN PLANNING â€Å"A management information system for planning enables the corporation to have a central facility where large amounts of information can be gathered and stored. The information can be quickly retrieved and updated to help managers in making decisions. The management information system is capable of evaluating more alternatives than manual methods, can make superior and quicker decisions and provides timely and accurate information for decision making. Possibly if more companies are able to entirely put together the finance, marketing, production and human resources functions into an incorporated corporate simulation model, they will be better able to find out the effects that changes in internal or external phenomenon will have on their organization.† (Sethi NK, 1978) 2.7 DATA BASE ORGANIZATION INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN COMPLEX MANAGEMENT Management information systems, like programming languages (e.g., ALGOL 60), which were originally regarded as quite universal, ceased to satisfy their creators at a certain stage of development. The disillusionment was due to the increase in accumulated knowledge, skills, and experience, to advances in hardware and software, and to the ever-expanding range and diversity of the relevant tasks. Although the basic requirements and the underlying design principles were universally agreed upon since the early development of MIS, both theoreticians and practitioners were satisfied with partial realization of these requirements up to a point. At the present stage, however, no one can remain satisfied with the prevailing state of affairs, either organizationally or professionally. Just complex MIS incorporating all the fundamental properties of the relevant objects, with their applications and interactions can hope to be effective. The development of such MIS requires using the latest advances in science and technology and instituting crash programs for the solution of the complex problems that arise in the design process. 2.8 ESTABLISHING A MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM â€Å"Information is a critical resource in the operation and management of organizations. Well-timed availability of appropriate information is essential for efficient performance of managerial functions such as planning, organizing, leading, and control. An information system in an organization is like the nervous system in the human body, it is the connection that links all the organizations components together and provides for better operation and survival in a competitive environment. Indeed, todays organizations run on information.† (Babu AR, Singh YP, Sachdeva RK) 2.9 Basic Concepts 2.9.1 Data versus Information Data refers to raw, unevaluated facts, s, symbols, objects, events, etc. Data possibly will be a collection of facts lying in storage, like a telephone directory or sample records. The information is data that have been set into a meaningful and helpful background and communicated to a receiver who make use of it to make decisions. The information involves communication and reception of intelligence and knowledge. This appraises and notifies surprises and stimulates, reduces ambiguity, reveals additional alternatives or helps eliminate irrelevant or poor ones, and influences individuals and stimulates them to action. An element of data may constitute information in a specific context; for example, when we want to contact our friend, his or her telephone number is a piece of information; otherwise, it is just one element of data in the telephone directory. The computers have made it easier to process functions. Huge quantities of data can be processed rapidly through computers assisting in the conversion of data to information. Raw data go into the system and is changed into the output of the system. And this information supports managers in the decision- making. 2.9.2 Characteristics of Information The characteristics of good information are relevance, timeliness, accurateness, cost-effectiveness, dependability, usability, exhaustiveness, and aggregation level. Information is related if it leads to superior decision-making. It may be relevant if it reaffirms a previous decision. If it not then it is not relevant. The timeliness represents money of information accessible to the users. The currency of data and information is time hole between the occurrences of an occasion in the field until its presentation to the user (decision maker). Accurateness is considered by comparing data to genuine procedures. The value of correct data varies with the kind of decisions that need to make. Though, a general estimation of how much personnel time was dedicated to a particular activity may be all that needed. 2.9.3 Value of Information Information has a great impact on decision-making, and hence its value is closely tied to the decisions that result from its use. The information not has a complete common value. This value is linked to that use it, when it is used, and in what situation it is used. Information is like other commodities. For illustration, value of a glass of water is different for someone who has lost his way in arctic glaciers than it is to a wanderer in the Sahara desert. The information supports decisions, decisions activate actions, and events affect the achievement or performance of the company. If it measures the difference in performance, it can be traced the impact of information, provided that the measurements are carefully performed, the relationships among variables are well defined, and possible effects of irrelevant factors are isolated. The calculated difference in performance due to informational factors is called the realistic value or revealed value of information. â€Å"For most information systems, mainly those supporting middle and top management, the consequential decisions often relate to events that are not severely defined and involve probabilities that cannot be quantified. The decision-making process often is difficult to understand and the outcome are scaled by several and incomparable dimensions. In such cases, we may either attempt to perform a multi-attribute analysis or derive an overall subjective value. The subjective value reflects peoples comprehensive impression of information and the amount they are willing to pay for specific information.† (Ahituv N, Neumann S, Riley HN, 1994) 2.9.4 Information as an Aid to Decision Making â€Å"The process of decision making as comprising four steps: intelligence, design, choice, and review. The intelligence phase encompasses collection, classification, processing, and presentation of data relating to the organization and its environment.† Simon (1977). This is essential to recognize situations calling for decision. Throughout this decision stage, the decision maker outlines substitute solutions, each of which involves a set of actions to be taken. Statistical and other models to forecast possible outcomes for each alternative now use the data collected during the intelligence stage. Every alternative can also be examined for technological, behavioral, and economic feasibility. In the choice stage, the decision maker should select one of the alternatives that will best donate to the goals of the organization. Previous choices can be subjected to review during the implementation and monitoring to enable the manager to learn from mistakes. Information plays a vit al role in all four stages of the decision process. -I indicates the information requirement at each stage, along with the functions performed at each stage and the feedback loops between stages. 2.10 Conceptual Framework Research Question Theory Questionnaire questions Which are the factors that are affecting the proper working of management information system within the company? (M-MIS, (1995), Risks Associated With MIS. Do you think that employees are needed to be sufficiently trained for new systems and subsequent enhancements? Do you agree that the company is satisfied with the development of user manuals and testing of the system? How the management information system can help the managers to take accurate and efficient decisions? Simon (1977), Information as an Aid to Decision Making Does management has any policy to monitor the new MIS? Has your management developed and maintained a current MIS policy or practice? What is the role of management information system in the development and growth of the company? Tony Hines (1995), Role of Management Information System. Do you think MIS is an effective tool for the company? Does the internal planning process consider and incorporate the importance of MIS at both the strategic and tactical level? What are the recommendations to the company to get better use of management information system? Masood SH, Pires CG (2005) SH, Management information system for better team productivity. Does management encourage communication lines to link all MIS user effectively? Does management use a project management technique to monitor MIS development schedules? Does Company update MIS regularly? Chapter No. 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Chapter No. 4 DATA ANALYSIS 4.0 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 4.1 DATA ANALYSIS 1. Has your management developed and maintained a current MIS policy or practice? Frequency Percentage (%) Yes 45 34.6 No 85 65.4 Total 130 100 Result shows that out of 130 respondent 45(34.6%) said that their management has developed and maintained a current MIS policy or practice while 85(65.4%) said that their management has not developed and maintained a current MIS policy or practice. 2. Does MIS policy or practice provide guidance to company employees to achieve their purposes? Frequency Percentage (%) Yes 75 57.7 No 55 42.3 Total 130 100 Out of 130 respondents majority 75(57.7%) said that MIS policy or practice provide guidance to company employees to achieve their purposes and 55(42.3%) said that MIS policy or practice does not provide guidance to company employees to achieve their purposes. 3. Do you believe that MIS policy or practice provide enough guidance to achieve effective two-way communication between management and employees? Frequency Percentage (%) Yes 80 61.5 No 50 38.5 Total 130 100 80(61.5%) respondents said they believe that MIS policy or practice provide enough guidance to achieve effective two-way communication between management and employees while 50(38.5%) were not agreed with it. 4. Do you believe after implementation of MIS System Companys staffs performs well in initiating, developing and completing their jobs? Frequency Percentage (%) Yes 75 57.7 No 55 42.3 Total 130 100 Result shows that out of 130 respondents 75(57.7%) said that they believe after implementation of MIS system companys staff performs well in initiating, developing and completing their jobs while 55(42.3%) said no. 5. Do you think that MIS policy or practice provide enough guidelines for installing MIS enhancements in a controlled change environment? Frequency Percentage (%) Yes 95 73.1 No 35 26.9 Total 130 100 Result depicts that out of 130 respondents 95(73.1%) said that MIS policy or practice provide enough guidelines for installing MIS enhancements in a controlled change environment while 35(26.9%) respondents were not agreed with it. 6. Do you agree that MIS policy or practice is helpful in acquiring, merging, manipulating and up-loading data to other systems? Frequency Percentage (%) Yes 85 65.4 No 45 34.6 Total 130 100 Above table shows that out of 130 respondents 85(65.4%) said that MIS policy or practice is h

John Donnes The Holy Sonnets Essay -- Donne Holy Sonnets Religion Ess

John Donne's The Holy Sonnets By making many references to the Bible, John Donne's Holy Sonnets reveal his want to be accepted and forgiven by God. A fear of death without God's forgiveness of sins is conveyed in these sonnets. Donne expresses extreme anxiety and fright that Satan has taken over his soul and God won't forgive him for it or his sins. A central theme of healing and forgiveness imply that John Donne, however much he wrote about God and being holy, wasn't such a holy man all of the time and tried to make up for it in his writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In sonnet 1, the speaker is talking to God. He tells God that his death is near. He feels that with all of the sins he has committed he is leaning towards hell instead of heaven. Satan has tempted him too much and he doesn't know if he can even go an hour without giving in to Satan's evil ways. The speaker asks God to give him wings so that he may ascend into heaven and prevent Satan from taking him to hell. There is a sense of manipulation in the speaker in the beginning of the sonnet. "Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay?'; In other words, "You're making your own creation look bad if you don't help me to become holy again.'; This starts out the sonnet with a bitter tone, a favorable way for Donne to begin. But in the end, the speaker is pleading God to give him wings, ending the sonnet with a sense of desperation. The worried tone of the last few lines is a rather common one in the Holy Sonnets. It exhibits the r...

The History of the American Bottom :: American History

Two of the nations largest rivers meet in the American Bottom. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers served as channels of change to the area, bringing outside influences of many different peoples to an Indian-inhabited land. Like the constant flow of the rivers, there was a constant change in the American Bottom. The progress eventually developed the area into a center of economic activity and gateway to the west, but also excluded native and long-time residents. The Illinois Indians long dominated the American Bottom. They were a unique and special tribe, who were complex politically, religiously, and socially. They were also an independent people until French colonizers came to settle in the area. The French Creoles became the dominant population in the region, effecting trade and implementing French Creole culture in the region. The French would not be the last group trying to develop and profit from the American Bottom. When the United States gained control of the territory, it ch anged even further and eventually Americanized into an U.S. State. The importance of the region increased as the U.S. continued to grow westward. The American Bottoms location between the two great rivers made it the ideal location for a center of economic growth. Prior to the contact period, or the time when the Illinois first came into contact with Europeans, the Illinois were a great and influential tribe. They were a very interesting tribe who had a culture all their own. They were also a very autonomous bunch never having to rely on anyone but themselves for survival. This was all to change with the introduction of European missionaries and traders. The Illinois were dwelling in territory that was in heavy demand by those who wished to exploit these Indians and their land in order to turn over a dollar. The frontier was moving farther west and the Illinois eventually fell into the chaos that followed. War, disease, alcohol, and new ways of life eventually exterminated the Illinois. Although the Illinois were not to make it through the development of the American Bottom, they played a crucial and fascinating role in its history. The land the Illinois lived was not only beautiful but also abundant with resources. The resources in the area amazed the French missionaries and explorers. Father Claude Allois, a Jesuit missionary, describes an interesting spectacle on a journey south. â€Å"The next day, we saw a rock seven or eight feet out of the water and two or three brasses in circumference, named ‘the pitch rock.

The Role of Communication in the Modern Life

The Role of Communication in the Modern Life Over the last years the role and the sense of the communication have changed appreciably. All these changes happened because of significant development of technologies. They have brought radical change in communication. More often people use such modern technologies as Internet, Skype, e-mails, mobile phones etc. to communicate instead of face to face communication. And often, the points arise how useful are all these developments? Why do so many people draw their attention to that question?Firstly, people want to expend lesser efforts and at the same time do their own business. For instance, mobile phones help us always to be in touch with anyone throughout the country and also beyond the borders of the country and simultaneously people can do different tasks. However, with the invention of the mobile phone people do not have a free minute: almost every minute they talk to someone. Furthermore, we can't be sure if these devices are safe f or us and not damaging our life.But as a result, they are very convenient for communication and people can't imagine their life without them, they became a commonplace for everyone. Secondly, I fully agree that knowing how to use the Internet is a great advantage nowadays. The Internet is a huge and incredible source of information and knowledge at work, at school and, of course, at home. Besides, it provides us with a quick and easy means of communication in the form of e-mails and we should not forget about Skype. In my opinion, Skype, in contrast with e-mails, is more popular nowadays.It is the easiest and the cheapest way of communication. For example, when people live far from each other and the phoning is expensive for them, they may use Skype to communicate. Such communication is close to face to face communication, because they can not only hear the interlocutor but also see him. This programme are useful for old people, because they can see and hear their nearest and deares t. Finally, it seems to me that modern people rely too much on technology today. This means that we are losing important skills such as personal communication.For instance, people who spend long hours in front of a computer no longer know how to talk to other people, and may even feel uncomfortable in the company of others. To sum up, technology definitely has brought great changes in communication. On the one hand, the modern technologies enable people to communicate for more easily than ever before, and, on the other hand, the communication between people is becoming poorer nowadays. Once Lewis Munford said: † Modern science and technologies have taught the mankind at least one lesson: Nothing is impossible†

Cheesecake Factory Research Proposal Essay

People eating habits have changed over years triggered by changes in lifestyles. Snacks have become typical food for majority of the working people first because little time is spent to eat them and peoples tendency to like sweet things. Social occasions have also increased and nice food has been adopted as the food to serve. Cheesecake factory is a U. S company dealing with restaurant services. The company currently operates about 200 dinner units and it intends to double this. The company has registered increased sales since its establishment indicating good business. Market information is important for any company intending to enter new markets. Such information would reveal competitors’ information and other products in the market. The information would help establish customers’ preferences, the economic well being of people customer royalties and rate with which this can change. This data informs the entrant company to strategize on their marketing so that they would draw customers to themselves and retain them. Market research involves an organized process of gathering relevant market information and coming up with results that would inform decision-making. Market research has successfully contributed to new business and the existing ones in a move to expand their business (James, 2002). For Cheesecake factory to manage to penetrate in the markets they intend to enter, they need to carry out a market research survey to gather data on several products and customer preferences. The main objectives of the study are to identify peoples’ economic well being, to find out peoples eating habits, the preferred eating junctions. The study would the decision to enter the new markets or otherwise. Differences in preferences by gender and age would also be determined and help the company know what products to produce for which groups. These are the hypothesis of the survey. First null hypothesis is that the population of the market under consideration comprises mainly of youth, people less than 25 years and the older people above 54 years. Hypothesis two is that majority in the population under survey have an income of less than $75000 per month. Hypothesis three is that people do not participate much in social occasions like family get tog ethers and in other festive celebrations. The other hypothesis is that people avoid prefer sweet foods. Hypothesis five is that people have no preferred eating junction. The alterative hypotheses are indicted below: one, majority of the population is aged 25 –54 years. Two, most household incomes are at least $75000 per month. Three that people in these populations are favorites of participating in social ceremonies. Four, majority of people prefer sweet foods availed at restaurants. Fifth, that people prefer restaurants and other fast food junctions. This last hypothesis would provide date on specific junctions within the areas under study that would also indicate preferred competitors. The reasons for such preference would also be outlived In order to obtain data from all the age groups, quota sampling would be used. The study would require certain numbers of people from certain age groups to be defined by gender so that we obtain representative sample sizes for both sexes. Stratified sampling procedure would be employed to define the locations from which certain numbers of respondents are required. The population in this methodology is divided into strata each stratum representing a people with common characteristics. Such characteristics could be by income levels, which determine where a person chooses to stay. There are some areas for high-income people, middle-income people and low-income people, all of whose data we need. These methodologies will enable the study gather information from all groups. It also helps in avoiding bias that would result from collecting data from only one group. The various in the study will be classified with regard to whether they are demographic, economic, opinions or otherwise. Some economic variables are household income levels per month, occupation of the respondent, amount spent on food products per month. The occupation of the respondent would in this case be an independent variable while income levels would be dependent variable. Other variables are the frequency of a respondent to participate in social gatherings such as friends’ parties. These variables could partly be related with income levels and the classification with whether they are independent or not would depend on the test being performed. Other variables of interests, demographic are sex, age or the respondent marital status all of which are independents variables. The area of residence is also important. The family size of the respondent is also an important variable on independent one. Other important variables are preferred types of foods, eating junctions, reasons for preference of certain eating. Another important variable will be people’s choice of T. V channels and radio stations. Other media habits that should be studied are newspaper and magazines reading habits. These variables, independent, would help the company know in which media to post advertisement to effectively reach the potential customers. The analysis of the data would be aimed at identifying media habits. The analysis should show associations between various variables that interact and the strength of such association. The analysis should answer such questions as: do more ladies than gentlemen prefer certain food types? Is there association between one’s income level and frequency of participating in social gatherings? Does marital status influence one’s choice for place to live? The analysis should also indicate the preferences of the population within certain age groups. The proportion of the population outside the one targeted should be known. Several statistical tools would be used to these tests such as chi square test, T- test, and Wilcoxon test among others (Birn, 2004). The purpose of any research is to obtain data that will help in decision-making. The results obtained from the analysis would help the company determine whether to enter the market under study of not. If the results indicate that a population has higher percentage of the very young and the very old, such a market should be avoided. A market whose population has a higher number of low-income earners should also be avoided. If a company is to establish business in these markets, it should be advised to locate its business in areas where people of high income reside. The company should also be advised to engage in products that are most preferred people especially during functions. Associations between variables would help establish the factors that influence the decisions at the customer. If association is found to exist between gender and preferred food types the company would market different products to the different sexes. Upon finding the reasons why certain food junctions or restaurants are preferred, the company should aim to offer better services than the competitors. By finding out how much people spend on food, the company would know the prices it would fix to their products to enable them to get customers as well as estimate the duration within which it should expect returns on its investment. A lot more information can be fetched from the analysis of the data. This means that the Cheesecake Company would reap more benefits by carrying out a survey as above explained. The secondary sources would help establish the other costs that would be incurred like licensing fees and government regulations. Other factors that may affect the business are security and the ease of getting space. Research is therefore necessary for the success of the company in all markets under consideration.