Chinas One Child Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chinas One Child Policy - Essay Example While both sides have claims, reasoning and evidence, Toulmin’s model of argumentation is not specifically used by either side. The argument is also a very political one. Each side has different cultures and values, and these form a large part of the context that must be considered when examining the claims and context in this debate. Authorities in China say that since 2000, more than 250 million live births have been prevented by the use of this policy. They claim that if these people had been born, the current infrastructure and social structure in China would be unable to support them and that China would be weaker today. This argument goes to the core of the policy and is one of the main reasons it was implemented in the first place by the Chinese government back in the late 1970s following the period of economic opening led by Deng Xiaping. At the time the policy was implemented by the government there were grave concerns about China being overpopulated and being unable to support its own people. This led some politicians to suggest the one child policy. Another cause was the fact that contraception was not widely available back at the time this policy went into effect. It was harder for women to control their own reproduction; instead, the state decided to take control. The state argues this was done out of necessity because of the social and cultural aspects in vogue at the time. But today, several decades later, many wonder if it was even necessary. For example, has it done much to address this state problem?

FEU Admission Policies for incoming Freshmen Essay Example for Free

FEU Admission Policies for incoming Freshmen Essay The following policies for admission and retention shall be effective School Year 2012-13 and apply to all incoming freshmen and transferees entering the school in that school year. 1. All incoming first year shall be subject to the University’s admission requirements, as administered by the Admissions Office 2. Students pursuing a degree in Accountancy shall be enrolled initially in the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration-Major in Internal Auditing program (BSBA-IA). 3. To be eligible for admission to higher studies in the BSBA-IA program, BSBA-IA students shall pass a qualifying examination to be administered by the Institute after they have taken Fundamentals of Accounting Part 2. This is usually scheduled near or at the end of the 1stSemester in the second year of the curriculum. Students enrolled in other BSBA majors who have completed 12 units of Fundamentals of Accounting Parts 1 and 2 may take the examination and be admitted to the BSBA-IA program if qualified. The result of the qualifying examination is final and not subject to appeal; no retakes are allowed. Non qualifiers shall be advised to shift to another BSBA major. Non qualification after this first qualifying examination is a permanent disqualification from the BSBA-IA program. 4. To remain in the BSBA-IA program the student must meet all of the following requirements: A. GWA of 2. 0 or better in all accounting, law, and taxation subjects, with no grade lower than 2. 5 in any of these subjects B. Students may continue in the program only if the non-qualified subjects are re-enrolled and the required passing grade is attained. C. Pass a comprehensive examination at the end of each academic year covering all major subjects in the year level for the academic year; unsuccessful examinees may be advised to shift to another major, re-enroll some courses, or retake the examination. Students who do not meet the grade requirement are barred from taking the comprehensive examination. 5. All 4th year BSBA-IA students who have completed all course requirements shall be eligible for graduation with the BSBA-IA degree. To be admitted to 5th year BS Accountancy, the student must pass a written comprehensive examination to be taken at the end of the 4thyear, BSBA-IA, Non-qualifiers may retake the comprehensive examination any number of times to qualify for 5th year BSA 6. To qualify for graduation with the BSA degree, the student must pass a comprehensive written examination at the end of the 5th year; non passers may retake the examination any number of times until finally qualified. Students who fail for the third time shall re-enroll at least 6 units of 5th year subjects as recommended by the Dean or Associate Dean. Passing the written comprehensive examination is an absolute requirement for graduation.

Hamlet the Play and the Movie Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet Compare Cont

Hamlet the Play and the Movie Hamlet by William Shakespeare is a story about a king that was murdered by his brother and the prince has been asked by his father?s ghost to avenge his murder. The original story line has been altered a few times since it has been written. The original Hamlet the play and the altered Hamlet the movie are shown differently in many different ways. Hamlet the movie with Mel Gibson shows different things than the play, but there are three major differences between the two. The three major differences are in the way both of the productions start out, differences in the scene that the players put on a play, and differences in the way the productions end. The first difference is in the way the play and the movie begins. The play starts out with guards standing guard at the castle with Horatio, Hamlet?s friend. The guards and Horatio are waiting for the ghost of Old Hamlet to arrive so they can find out why he is there. The ghost does arrive twice but does not speak. The scene ends with the guards and Horatio discussing that they should get Hamlet to try to speak to the ghost. Hamlet the movie starts out differently. It starts out with the funeral for King Hamlet with Gertrude standing beside the coffin. Hamlet sprinkles dust over his father?s dead body. The coffin is then covered and Claudius, Old Hamlet?s brother, places his sword over the coffin and Gertrude cries. The second difference is the way the scene is with the player?s putting o...

The Lost Treasures of Architecture

The Lost Treasures Time progresss, people come and go, same destiny for the old and out-of-date edifices. The hoarded wealths we one time had were long gone ; our lifetime memory ; the familiar odor ; the familiar sight ; the familiar sound ; the familiar touch ; the familiar gustatory sensation. The rapid development in this small ruddy point forces reclamation of edifices every now and so, there is non a individual country without building traveling on. Our places’ individuality easy fade out, or immerge into a new signifier of infinite. Every topographic point we know is a location that has its peculiar significance in our head. It can be your first dating topographic point ; your front-runner haunt topographic point ; or the nearby promenade that you are so familiar with, you go to the specific shop you want to without believing but subconsciously. Emotions are attached to this specific topographic points. It might non hold to be a strong, lovesick emotion but decidedly an emptiness followed when the specific topographic point is deconstructed. A infinite is an about abstract impression, except it ‘s filled with things ( can be the eco-nature, can be semisynthetic ) . The biggest difference between a infinite and a topographic point, is that you will non hold any emotional fond regard to a infinite. Spaces such as the nearby grass spot, workplace lavatory, canal along the route you walking place. This besides mean that certain attractive topographic points for others could go a meaning-less infinite to you, or a topographic point in your head could be a meaning-less infinite for others. However, it is possible to transform an impersonal infinite into a personal topographic point. Since a personal infinite involve personal emotions and memories, we could perchance retroflex the atmosphere/items that trigger ones’ emotions and memory into an impersonal infinite which hence become a personal topographic point for the individual. For illustration, planing and adorning a trade name new empty room for yourself. The empty room itself give you a sense of strangeness, uncomfortableness, doing you want to go forth the infinite every bit shortly as possible. However, with walls flush with your favorite coloring material ; old new furniture that you have been long for, and the perfect cozy ambient you created, the infinite has become a trade name new topographic point that is personal to you. A topographic point to rest and acquire comfy in. Yet, retroflexing a similar atmosphere/items into a infinite might non be a fool cogent evidence solution to transform an impersona l infinite into a personal topographic point. After all, a replacing will ne'er make full emptiness, but cover it. However, reproduction is non the lone possible solution. By understanding your ain demands and day-to-day experiences, you can make a personal topographic point for yourself out of a infinite. The intent of the place-making is the first thing to see. What is the infinite for? Is it for working? Playing? Resting? Eating? If a desire topographic point is created that does non work good for the intent, the full topographic point go a nuisance, a infinite that you do non wish to come in, doing the topographic point to be place-less. For illustration, a topographic point for working should hold basic air airing, sufficient lighting, table and chair. You can non anticipate to hold wok and oven right beside your working desk, it is infinite devouring and non utile for your day-to-day experiences in this specific topographic point for work. Figure 1 when a topographic point lose its intent, it become a infinite How approximately big graduated table undertakings? How do we counter the job of place-less-ness in infinites like hotels? Hotels edifice is a ne'er stoping procedure. As more and more people travel for leisure, hotel is a must-have installation for the tourers. Yet, designs of hotels are extras of one after another, you can hardly distinguish the hotels except the fact of holding different names board allocated at the tip top of their hotels. Possibly all it takes is to add in a subject for the hotel’s design ; a historical subject ; a centripetal subject. Waking up in the forenoon or from a short sleep being able to smell the aroma of your mum’s cookery is a alone experience you have that no 1 else does. The colliding sound of Turner against the sauteing pan ; the odor of place fried rice ; the nonliteral shadow of Dendranthema grandifloruom in the kitchen, it is a similar yet wholly different experience from anyone else. When this experience can be considered as centripetal subject into the hotel, it start to go a topographic point with significance, with a certain emotional fond regard made, despite the experience is unreal, illusionary, partly similar. Or could we include the historical/geographical facet into design? Take a expression of our Singapore’s Airport. Art installings such as the Kinetic rain, is designed due to Singapore’s conditions where rain is a common sight in the Torrid Zones. Or the Floral Inspiration, it resembling a bunch of elephantine seedpods, their corrugated surfaces symbolizing the realistic texture of botanical beings, an look of Singapore as a garden metropolis that continues to shoot and boom. The installings decidedly represent certain looks the creative persons want to demo instance, but do other people really feel positively towards this art installings, or merely a impersonal emotions and take exposures of it in awe. In this state of affairs, this installings could non alter the infinite into a personal infinite, even though geographical and historical factors are considered for the ornaments for the infinite ( airdrome ) . Figure 2 Floral Inspiration @ Terminal 3, Singapore Figure 3 Kinetic Rain @ Terminal 1, Singapore Indeed, modernization pushes us to follow the technological tendency, and our desire for new is ne'er stoping. Historically meaningful constructions were lacerate down ; topographic points filled with memories were lacerate down ; transeunt locales such as airdromes and Stationss become place-less-ness. Treasures were lost. Ancient hoarded wealths. Treasures which include our past memories, our possible centripetal experiences. However, is these hoarded wealths still a hoarded wealths to the younger coevals? Their past memory do non include street peddlers walking about ; nor merry-go-round or bouldery airplanes in pasar malam ( which have been replaced by air-pumped playrooms/slides ) . It is besides rare to hold parents cooking for kids in the early forenoon. The centripetal experiences have been reduced down to the tiniest spot possible. The thought of holding topographic points all over infinites is simply a wild phantasy, it can non get the better of the current state of affairs of the universe, where net incomes are the exclusive ground of why corporates continue vertical edifice after edifice, with the demand of clip efficiency and cost efficiency, with a small ornament of art to spice up the market. Bibliography Blesser, Barry. Spaces Speak, Are You Listening? : Experiencing Aural Architecture, ( The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2009 ) Gibson, William. Disneyland with the Death Penalty, September/October 1993, Wired magazine issue 1.04. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wired.com/wired/archive/1.04/gibson.html? topic= & A ; topic_set ( Last Accessed on 20th May 2014 ) Pallasmaa, Juhaini. The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses, ( John Wiley & A ; Sons, erectile dysfunction. 2005 ) List of illustrations Fig 1 — – Irwin Tan, TREKKING THE KTM TRACKS: A WALK DOWN MEMORY LANE Last updated 21stJuly 2011. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //ashutterbugslife.wordpress.com/tag/ktm-railway-tracks-singapore/ ( Last accessed 4th May 2014 )Fig 2 — – concern traveler, New & A ; Noted at Singapore ‘s Changi Airport Last updated 31stMay 2010Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businesstraveller.asia/asia-pacific/archive/2010/june-2010/special-reports/new-and-noted-at-singapores-changi-airport ( Last accessed 4th May 2014 )Fig 3 — – Kingrant, Guess which race? Kinetic Rain Siao charboh Last updated 4th November 2013.Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sammyboy.com/showthread.php? 167643-Guess-which-race-Kinetic-Rain-Siao-charboh ( Last accessed 4th May 2014 )

History of Civil Engineering Essay

Civil engineering involves the design, construction, and maintenance of works such as roads, bridges, and buildings. It’s a science that includes a variety of disciplines including soils, structures, geology, and other fields. Thus the history of civil engineering is closely associated with the history of advancement in these sciences. In ancient history, most of the construction was carried out by artisans, and technical expertise was limited. Tasks were accomplished by the utilization of manual labor only, without the use of sophisticated machinery, since it did not exist. Therefore, civil engineering works could only be realized with the utilization of a large number of skilled workers over an extended period of time. * Prehistoric and Ancient Civil Engineering Structures It might be appropriate to assume that the science of civil engineering truly commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Egypt when transportation gained such importance that it led to the development of the wheel. According to the historians, the Pyramids were constructed in Egypt during 2800-2400 BC and may be considered as the first large structure construction ever. The Great Wall of China that was constructed around 200 BC is considered another achievement of ancient civil engineering. The Romans developed extensive structures in their empire, including aqueducts, bridges, and dams. A scientific approach to the physical sciences concerning civil engineering was implemented by Archimedes in the third century BC, by utilizing the Archimedes Principle concerning buoyancy and the Archimedes screw for raising water. ASCE Online Library www.ascelibrary.org Free search 800,000 pages All areas of civil engineering Software Engineer Degree EducationDegreeSource.com/Free_Info 100%Online Master Degree – Software Engineering for Busy Programmers! Seismic Design Group www.SeismicDesignGroup.com Seismic Bracing & Engineering Commercial Non-Structural Trades Ads by Google * The Roles of Civil And Military Engineer in Ancient Times As stated above, civil engineering is considered to be the first main discipline of engineering, and the engineers were in fact military engineers with expertise in military and civil works. During the era of battles or operations, the engineers were engaged to assist the soldiers fighting in the battlefield by making catapults, towers, and other instruments used for fighting the enemy. However, during peace time, they were concerned mainly with the civil activities such as building fortifications for defense, making bridges, canals, etc. * Civil Engineering in the 18th – 20th Century Until the recent era, there was no major difference between the terms civil engineering and architecture, and they were often used interchangeably. It was in the 18th century that the term civil engineering was firstly used independently from the term military engineering. The first private college in the United States that included Civil Engineering as a separate discipline was Norwich University established in the year 1819. Civil engineering societies were formed in United States and European countries during the 19th century, and similar institutions were established in other countries of the world during the 20th century. The American Society of Civil Engineers is the first national engineering society in the United States. In was founded in 1852 with members related to the civil engineering profession located globally. The number of universities in the world that include civil engineering as a discipline have increased tremendously during the 19th and the 20th centuries, indica ting the importance of this technology. * Modern Concepts In Civil Engineering Numerous technologies have assisted in the advancement of civil engineering in the modern world, including high-tech machinery, selection of materials, test equipment, and other sciences. However, the most prominent contributor in this field is considered to be computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacture (CAM). Civil engineers use this technology to achieve an efficient system of construction, including manufacture, fabrication, and erection. Three-dimensional design software is an essential tool for the civil engineer that facilitates him in the efficient designing of bridges, tall buildings, and other huge complicated structures. * http://www.thecivilengg.com/History.php CIVIL ENGINEERING (CE) Overall Focus: â€Å"Public works†/infrastructure and buildings/structures. Note: Given the number of potential applications, Civil Engineering is a very broad discipline. Primary Areas of Specialization: 1. Construction Management (combining engineering and management skills to complete construction projects designed by other engineers and architects).   2. Environmental Engineering (see separate entry) 3. Geotechnical Engineering (analysis of soils and rock in support of engineering projects/applications – building foundations, earthen structures, underground facilities, dams, tunnels, roads, etc) 4. Structural Engineering (design of all types of stationary structures – buildings, bridges, dams, etc.) 5. Surveying (measure/map the earth’s surface in support of engineering design and construction projects and for legal purposes – locating property lines, etc.) 6. Transportation Engineering (design of all types of transportation facilities/systems – streets/highways, airports, railroads, other mass transit, harbors/ports, etc.). 7. Water Resources Engineering (control and use of water, focusing on flood control, irrigation, raw water supply, and hydroelectric power applications) http://groups.yahoo.com/group/AR001_ARCHCRUZ/files/3.%20LETTERING/

The Inagural Address essays

The Inagural Address essays The four cultures in which we have studied have specific idea-sets that correlate with their own cosmos and formation of society. The Inaugural Address of 2005 still correlates particular idea-sets with that of Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, and Hebraic views, while portraying perspectives that diverge from that of the past. As the Inaugural Address begins with the phrases prescribed by law and marked by ceremony, the concepts of Babylon come to mind. This ceremony celebrates the durable wisdom of the Constitution much like Babylonians ritual of celebrating their societys success and devotion toward Marduk, as shown in the Enuma Elish. The Code of Hammurabi, like the Constitution, had set laws for the people to create justice and order. These laws and ceremonies within the community are particular commitments that unite the country. It is the Greeks who feel that honor is a significant part of their culture, and that vulnerability is not an option. The US has been able to witness its faults in security and correct them quite easily; the Greeks had to continue durably and impermeably or face total disaster. The Greeks would have also felt that, difficulty is no excuse for avoiding tasks that should be carried out. However, whether seeking individual rights of others is as relevant as protecting livelihood during an infiltration is quite an argument. The Greeks were in constant battles to protect their livelihood from surrounding intruders, competing constantly fro each others resources. While the Greeks were forced to fight against the attacks that could easily threaten their source of revenue, Bush is using an offensive attack by worrying about other countries politics in hope that the US will be in better safety. However, it is hard to say what the future holds (since, after all, the world is unpredictable and erratic). ...

The end of the cold war essays

The end of the cold war essays The period of the Cold war was a very awkward time. Nobody really knew what was going to happen. Some were frightened and some didnt even pay attention to it. Communist and democratic relations in the late 1980s were not going too well. The United States and the world stood back and watched uprisings from both sides that eventually led to the fall of many communist governments. During the beginning of the end of the cold war, Reagan was in office. All in all he wanted to stop the fighting period. Some people thought that the way he went about it was a bit awkward. At this time all superpower nations were trying to be bigger and better than the other. This meant that a lot of money was being spent just to stay on top. Much research was done technology wise and a lot of money was put to military use. When Reagan spent more money to increase the power of the United States military, The USSR took it personally. Soon enough Russia was almost bone dry in the funds category and they knew peace must be made. When Reagans term ended, George Bush took office. He began to make relations between the two governments better. He started negotiations and peace talks with the Soviets. The first of which was held in Malta. It was the Summit meeting of 1989 between Bush and Gorbachev. Bush then made a state of the union message in which he stated he would cut US troops in Europe to 195,000. The next agreement was made on September 12 it was called the Treaty of the first Settlement and gave respect to Germany. President Bush and the heads of state of 21 other countries then signed the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces. It was also known as the CFE Treaty. This document was signed on November 19, 1990 it took place at a three-day long summit meeting. This particular treaty was said to have been one of the most complex and ambitious arms agreements ever concluded. It covered thousands of tanks, air ...

Biography of Adolf Hitler, Leader of the Third Reich

Biography of Adolf Hitler, Leader of the Third Reich Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) was the leader of Germany during the Third Reich (1933–1945). He was the primary instigator of both the Second World War in Europe and the mass execution of millions of people deemed to be enemies, or inferior to the Aryan ideal. He rose from being a talentless painter to the dictator of Germany and, for a few months, emperor of much of Europe. His empire was crushed by an array of the worlds strongest nations; he killed himself before he could be tried and brought to justice. Fast Facts: Adolf Hitler Known For: Leading the German Nazi party and instigating World War IIBorn: April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, AustriaParents: Alois Hitler and Klara PoelzlDied: April 30, 1945 in Berlin, GermanyEducation: Realschule in SteyrPublished Works: Mein KampfSpouse: Eva BraunNotable Quote: In starting and waging a war it is not right that matters but victory. Early Life Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889 to Alois Hitler (who, as an illegitimate child, had previously used his mother’s name of Schickelgruber) and Klara Poelzl. A moody child, he grew hostile towards his father, especially once the latter had retired and the family had moved to the outskirts of Linz. Alois died in 1903 but left money to take care of the family. Adolf was close to his mother, who was highly indulgent of him, and he was deeply affected when she died in 1907. He left school at age 16 in 1905, intending to become a painter. Unfortunately for him, he wasnt a very good one. Vienna Hitler went to Vienna in 1907 where he applied to the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts but was twice turned down. This experience further embittered the increasingly angry Hitler. He returned to Vienna again when his mother died, living first with a more successful friend (Kubizek) and then moving from hostel to hostel as a lonely, vagabond figure. He recovered to make a living selling his art cheaply as a resident in a community Mens Home. During this period, Hitler appears to have developed the worldview that would characterize his whole life, and which centered on hatred for Jews and Marxists. Hitler was well-placed to be influenced by the demagogy of Karl Lueger, Vienna’s deeply anti-Semitic mayor and a man who used hate to help create a party of mass support. Hitler had previously been influenced by Schonerer, an Austrian politician against liberals, socialists, Catholics, and Jews. Vienna was also highly anti-Semitic; Hitlers hate was not unusual, it was simply part of the popular mindset. What Hitler went on to do was present these ideas more successfully than ever before. The First World War Hitler moved to Munich in 1913 and avoided Austrian military service in early 1914 by virtue of being unfit for service. However, when the First World War broke out in 1914, he joined the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, serving throughout the war, mostly as a corporal after refusing promotion. He proved to be an able and brave soldier as a dispatch runner, winning the Iron Cross on two occasions (First and Second Class). He was also wounded twice, and four weeks before the war ended he suffered a gas attack that temporarily blinded and hospitalized him. It was there he learned of Germany’s surrender, which he took as a betrayal. He especially hated the Treaty of Versailles, which Germany had to sign after the war as part of the settlement. Hitler Enters Politics After WWI, Hitler became convinced he was destined to help Germany, but his first move was to stay in the army for as long as possible because it paid wages, and to do so, he went along with the socialists now in charge of Germany. He was soon able to turn the tables and drew the attention of army anti-socialists, who were setting up anti-revolutionary units. In 1919, working for an army unit, he was assigned to spy on a political party of roughly 40 idealists called the German Workers Party. Instead, he joined it, swiftly rose to a position of dominance (he was chairman by 1921), and renamed it the Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). He gave the party the Swastika as a symbol and organized a personal army of storm troopers (the SA or Brownshirts) and bodyguards of black-shirted men, the Schutzstaffel (SS), to attack opponents. He also discovered, and used, his powerful ability for public speaking. The Beer Hall Putsch In November 1923, Hitler organized Bavarian nationalists under a figurehead of General Ludendorff into a coup (or putsch). They declared their new government in a beer hall in Munich; a group of 3,000 marched through the streets, but they were met by police who opened fire, killing 16. Hitler was arrested in1924 and used his trial to spread his name and his ideas widely. He was sentenced to just five years in prison, a sentence often described as a sign of tacit agreement with his views. Hitler served only nine months in prison, during which he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), a book outlining his theories on race, Germany, and Jews. It sold five million copies by 1939. Only then, in prison, did Hitler come to believe he was destined to be a leader. The man who thought he was paving the way for a German leader of genius now thought he was the genius who could take and use power. Politician After the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler resolved to seek power through subverting the Weimar government system, and he carefully rebuilt the NSDAP, or Nazi, party, allying with future key figures like Goering and propaganda mastermind Goebbels. Over time, he expanded the party’s support, partly by exploiting the fears of socialists and partly by appealing to everyone who felt their economic livelihood threatened by the depression of the 1930s. Over time, he gained the interest of big business, the press, and the middle classes. Nazi votes jumped to 107 seats in the Reichstag in 1930. Its important to stress that Hitler wasnt a socialist. The Nazi party that he was molding was based on race, not the idea of socialism, but it took a good few years for Hitler to grow powerful enough to expel the socialists from the party. Hitler didnt take power in Germany overnight and took years for him to take full power of his party overnight. President and Fà ¼hrer In 1932, Hitler acquired German citizenship and ran for president, coming in second to von Hindenburg. Later that year, the Nazi party acquired 230 seats in the Reichstag, making them the largest party in Germany. At first, Hitler was refused the office of Chancellor by a president who distrusted him, and a continued snub might have seen Hitler cast out as his support failed. However, factional divisions at the top of government meant that, thanks to conservative politicians believing they could control Hitler, he was appointed chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. Hitler moved with great speed to isolate and expel opponents from power, shutting trade unions and removing communists, conservatives, and Jews. Later that year, Hitler perfectly exploited an act of arson on the Reichstag (which some believe the Nazis helped cause) to begin the creation of a totalitarian state, dominating the March 5 elections thanks to support from nationalist groups. Hitler soon took over the role of president when Hindenburg died and merged the role with that of chancellor to become fà ¼hrer (leader) of Germany. In Power Hitler continued to move with speed in radically changing Germany, consolidating power, locking up â€Å"enemies† in camps, bending culture to his will, rebuilding the army, and breaking the constraints of the Treaty of Versailles. He tried to change the social fabric of Germany by encouraging women to breed more and bringing in laws to secure racial purity; Jews were particularly targeted. Employment, high elsewhere in a time of depression, fell to zero in Germany. Hitler also made himself head of the army, smashed the power of his former brownshirt street warriors, and expunged the socialists fully from his party and his state. Nazism was the dominant ideology. Socialists were the first in the death camps. World War II and the Failure of the Third Reich Hitler believed he must make Germany great again through creating an empire and engineered territorial expansion, uniting with Austria in an Anschluss and dismembering Czechoslovakia. The rest of Europe was worried, but France and Britain were prepared to concede limited expansion with Germany, taking within it the German fringe. Hitler, however, wanted more. It was in September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland, that other nations took a stand and declared war. This was not unappealing to Hitler, who believed Germany should make itself great through war, and invasions in 1940 went well. Over the course of that year, France fell and the Third Reich expanded. However, his fatal mistake occurred in 1941 with the invasion of Russia, through which he wished to create lebensraum, or living room. After initial success, German forces were pushed back by Russia, and defeats in Africa and West Europe followed as Germany was slowly beaten. Death During the last years of the war, Hitler became gradually more paranoid and divorced from the world, retreating to a bunker. As armies approached Berlin from two directions, Hitler married his mistress Eva Braun and on April 30, 1945, he killed himself. The Soviets found his body soon after and spirited it away so it would never become a memorial. A piece remains in a Russian archive. Legacy Hitler will forever be remembered for starting the Second World War, the most costly conflict in world history, thanks to his desire to expand Germany’s borders through force. He will equally be remembered for his dreams of racial purity, which prompted him to order the execution of millions of people, perhaps as high as 11 million. Although every arm of German bureaucracy was turned to pursuing the executions, Hitler was the chief driving force. In the decades since Hitler’s death, many commentators have concluded that he must have been mentally ill and that, if he wasn’t when he started his rule, the pressures of his failed wars must have driven him mad. Given that he ordered genocide and ranted and raved, it is easy to see why people have come to this conclusion, but it’s important to state that there is no consensus among historians that he was insane, or what psychological problems he may have had. Sources â€Å"Adolf Hitler.† Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 14 Feb. 2019. Alan Bullock, Baron Bullock, et al. â€Å"Adolf Hitler.† Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 19 Dec. 2018.

The scientific origin of designer babies Research Paper

The scientific origin of designer babies - Research Paper Example Ole Peter Galaasen in his article â€Å"future of designer babies† attributes the current advancements made in PGD to advancements made in molecular genetics and reproductive technology (1). The future of the designer babies in regard to the current scientific advancements seems bright. Basis of Controversies in Religion & Science: Saying that the subject of designer babies is controversial is an understatement. Even controversial scholars such as Satoshi Kanazawa have expressed their doubts over this issue. In his article â€Å"Common misconceptions about science III: Designer babies† Kanazawa states: â€Å"Even if scientists acquired perfect knowledge on the manipulations associated to the human genome, a â€Å"designer baby† requires traits comprising of heritability not less than 100% †¦seeing as the traits studied such as intelligence, personality and height fall short of the specified 100%, there is no guarantee of a perfect designer baby. Parents wil l still depend on a natural course of genetic â€Å"events† and simply put their faith on probability† (2). This shows that genetic selection from a scientific realm perspective has its huddles. Most traits parents would like to modify in their offspring such as intelligence are subject to the influence of multiple of genes. Scholars are at war with themselves in regard to the political, religious and scientific debates sparked by designer babies. Zahedi and Larijani in their article â€Å"Medical Genetic Ethics: Islamic Views and Considerations in Iran† point out that Islam as much as other religion appreciates the benefits of technological and scientific advancements. Legal and health issues aside, what do scriptures and doctrines dictate? To this question Zahedi and Larijani assert that the issue of reproduction remains a sacred one. All scientific advancements in regard to reproduction are subject to rigorous religious scrutiny (1). They point out social and medical ethical issues such as fairness of use of genetic information acquired for medical trials (50). They further indicate the fear of the current medical trials aimed at the betterment of human life’s turning hazardous. In particular, they mention cloning stating â€Å"Cloning is subject to substantial prohibition due to the majority of Muslim reference decrees† (51). Kunich, an avid supporter of cloning, makes reference to religious decrees as superstition used to instigate fear: â€Å"Bad facts make bad law! If there ever was a classic example of this it is the human cloning turmoil, in which science and fact so often overwhelmed by superstition and fear† (137). Kunich reflects upon the negative debates against cloning and to extent designer babies as offensive ideas. He argues that laws against cloning do not derive from facts but rather on unsupported

International Investment Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Investment Report - Research Paper Example China is the largest country among the four emerging economies of the world and other three countries include Brazil, Russia, and India. It is the fastest growing economy among all these four countries. Data for 2011shows growth rate of China has outpaced peers with sharp contrast in GDP, merchandise export and GDP average growth rate as shown in the image below: China is expected to maintain the growth momentum and outpacing its peers even G7 countries over years in future for many reasons with increase in middle class being among the leading ones. Rising middle class refers to increase in income bracket of large number of people. This trend has a constant positive growth projection to year 2050 as shown in the image below; hence, it can be predicted that there would be increasing opportunities of investment in China. To mention, the world’s largest coffee shop Starbuck has also planned to expand in the more 70 smaller cities of the country (Bloomberg, 2012). This report anal yzes China as an investment opportunity for a coffee house and for this purpose; the report will analyze the macroeconomic factors that could influence the business in the country. The report discusses about the economic, financial, political factors along with historical events that could impact the business and its geographic location that could influence the business in the country. At the end, the report analyzes the overall risks that businesses could face while starting a business in China. (Global Sherpa, 2011) (Global Sherpa, 2011) ECONOMIC STRUCTURE, INDICATORS AND RISK ... This slowdown has been controlled by the targeted stimulus. For instance, construction of 36 million social housing units, support for SMEs in Wenzhou, bonuses cut down in the automotive sector, and subsidies on purchase of household electrical appliances etc. All these factors have supported the economic situation despite having troubles with export (Coface, 2010). FINANCIAL STRUCTURE, INDICATORS AND RISK Financial factors other important influence the businesses. Risk rating for the country is as follows: (Coface, 2010) However, access to finance for SME is difficult as banks are reluctant due to string of defaults as the main risk. Also overall strict policies have been imposed on banks for credit giving to avoid misallocation of resources etc (Coface, 2010). The overall financial figures are positive as investment in the country has increased, poverty level has decreased etc. The coffee shop market is expected to grow by 55 percent and it would reach to 4.5 billion Yuan ($714 mil lion) in 2015 from 2.9 billion Yuan last year in 2011. To share this benefit, global coffee competitors such as Starbucks of US and Luigi Lavazza Spa, an Italian coffee company have entered and planned expansion in major and minor cities of China (Bloomberg, 2012). POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND RISK China has been mainly a socialist country. However, the country has accepted the capitalism mode of economy but socialism is still what it breathes. The political risk refers to intervention of country’s government in the business affairs of the foreign person or a company that is doing business in the country. China is usually accounted for this political risk and its government has already once considered the nationalization of industries in 1949 (China Risk Management, n.d.).

Struggle of Human Nature in the Lord of the Flies Research Paper

Struggle of Human Nature in the Lord of the Flies - Research Paper Example Thesis Statement The research paper will intend to focus on the fight or the resistance of human character that is experienced by the marooned boys in the island in their quest for survival. The background of the story was found to have occurred during the mid period of an unnamed nuclear war. The literary work aims at depicting the characters or the boys plunge or transformation into savagery. This particular research paper will try to make an attempt to gain a lucid comprehension regarding the contradictory desires towards civilization. Discussion The novel has already been stated to be a narrative of a situation where a group of few young British boys discover themselves abandoned in a particular island. The attempts made by them for the reason of their respective survival are known to offer a thoughtful insight into the aspect of human character. The story narrates a situation where a remarkable transformation of the human character can be evidently observed good to malevolence, order to disorder and finally from progress to savagery. This particular novel that is the Lord of the Flies concentrates or focuses on unraveling the various circumstances under which the inherent evil is made to surface with regard to the character of the individuals. The consequences as a result of failing to deal with one’s own trepidations have also been highlighted along with indicating the fight that takes place between the disorder and the civilization in a situation of ‘survival of the fittest’. The aspects related to the existence of the thin line between civilization as well as disorder, the inherent human evil, supremacy along with its effects and grouping has been found to be identified in this specific novel (Venkat, â€Å"Literature and the Individual†). The underlying subject matter of the novel has been deciphered to be the collapse of culture towards disorder or rather savagery. This definite facet has been supposed to revolve around or s tress on the fight that takes place among the decision rudiments associated with the society involving regulation, customs, principles along with the disordered components which have been acknowledged to be an integral part of the people’s savage characters that is believed to entail chaos, bloodlust, self-centeredness, amorality and the yearning for supremacy. The study of the fundamental subject matter of the novel relates to the actuality of referring civilization as a facade which is simply capable of being perforated with the intention to disclose the cruelty that is supposed to be associated with the human character (Althaus, B., â€Å"Lord of the Flies - Parallels and Differences Between Golding's Novel and Hook's Cinematic Adaption†). The disagreement between the facets of civilization as well as savagery has been found to be competently highlighted with the assistance of the depiction of the various shades of the human nature in relation to the characters of t he story. The character of Ralph which has been identified to be the central character of the novel along with Piggy has been depicted as figures of leadership and ethics. In contrast to the mentioned personalities, the character of Jack along with his most trusted associate Roger has been regarded to be adversary

Contract Law Exam seen case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contract Law Exam seen case study - Essay Example In order to get that loan, he made Sophia sign on a deed which gave the Bank legal charge over her house. In this case, Tim has an undue influence over Sophia. He stands in a superior position to her and as, according to the given facts, Sophia is expecting her first child and wants to marry Tim, he can persuade her to do anything he wants. Also, Tim is described to be of an aggressive nature. It can be easily construed that Sophia gave the guarantee without knowing the consequences and she did that to secure her future with Tim as he had given assurances to her. He told her that he could afford to marry her only if he could raise some money and became a partner in the firm. That was the sole reason that Sophia agreed with Tim but she was not aware of the subtleties of this transaction. The only advice that she got in respect of this transaction was from Tim. Tim had undue influence over her and his advice would be disregarded. In Yerkey v Jones, a husband procured a guarantee from h er wife against his creditor. It was held that such a guarantee was not valid. In a special set of circumstances, such a guarantee is invalidated, they are: a. A husband procures his wife’s guarantee to obtain a loan; b. The guarantee is not for the benefit of wife but of husband; c. There is a default in repayment by the husband; d. The creditor relies on the wife to get repaid; e. The creditor does not have sufficient reasons to believe that the wife’s consent was free. Sophia’s consent was not free. Tim is not her husband but his relation with her and the facts of the case are quite similar those of Yerkey v Jones. The transaction was for the sole benefit of Tim and had nothing in it for Sophia. Tim has left Sophia after having an affair. The Bank seeks to get possession of her house. There are no sufficient grounds for Trusty Bank to believe that Sophia understood the transaction and gave a free consent. It was obtained under undue influence and resulted in a voidable contract. As Sophia is looking to get out of the contract, it can be easily construed that the contract would become void. Sophia’s guarantee would be invalidated and Trusty Bank would not be able to get possession of her house. Tim is still liable to pay the loan and Trusty Bank has all the rights of a creditor against Tim. Against Deluxe Kitchens Ltd In a legally binding contract, the parties involved must perform their respective promises according to terms on which they agreed on. If any of the parties does not perform its promise correctly, the other party becomes entitled to sue for damages. The damages involve the amounts of losses that are caused directly due to the negligence or fault of the other party. In the given case, Sophia had contracted with Deluxe Kitchens Ltd to build and install some new fitted kitchen units to match existing units and new kitchen equipment for ?15,000. The work was not done as it was promised and Deluxe Kitchens Ltd were 4 week s late in doing their job. Also, their work was not satisfactory. Sophia hired them to install units that would match her kitchen and they did not. Furthermore, there were some errors in their working. In order to fix those errors, almost ?3000 would be required. Sophia was without a cooker and she was offered by Deluxe Kitchens Ltd that they would install her old cooker but she refused. Due to delay in getting a new cooker, she was unable to cater for her sister’

Analysis of a history book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of a history book - Essay Example God, according to Joshua, sent down these afflictions â€Å"to rebuke us and our posterity, and to teach us by the memory and reading of them that they were sent upon us for our sins.† (Joshua Para IV). Also, towards the end of his Chronicle he reminds the reader that he wants his writing about the events of pestilence of war to serve â€Å"as a reminder to those who endured them, and for the instruction of those who shall come after us, that, if they please, they may be enabled to become wise through these few things which I have written† (Joshua Para LXXXVI). Being a Christian, he believes that all the troubles that befell the Christian Roman Empire were caused by the sins of the people, and should serve as an illustration to St. Paul’s words that â€Å"When we are chastened, we are chastened of the Lord, that we should not be condemned with the world." (Joshua IV). His tone is similar with regards to the war that took place between the Persians and the Romans; he refers to the Persians as the â€Å"rod of God† (Para V) as they were merciless when they took over the Roman territory and ill treated the people who they captured. What is interesting is that the author does not feel that it is through any fault of the emperor Anastasius that this war was caused, who he praises as the â€Å"all-ruling and believing emperor† (Joshua Para VI). Joshua states that the war came about due to certain events in the past, which he describes in his Chronicle (Joshua Para VII-XVIII). Even when writing about the immediate precursors to war (Joshua Para XIX-XXIV), the blame, he feels squarely rests with the Persians and not the Romans. Though, of course, the fact that the people were engaged in, what he terms, sins has something to do with a reason for the outbreak of war. With regards to the war and its events, of course, he was not a party to all that

Operationalising the Management of Visitor Attractions PowerPoint Presentation

Operationalising the Management of Visitor Attractions - PowerPoint Presentation Example The primary part of the research focused on evaluating all the pre historical evidences that are found to be associated with the â€Å"State Tretyakov Galley†, which in turn turned out to be quite interesting. In addition, the past records of the people visiting this art gallery have been tallied with the latest records, which deciphered that the number of viewers visiting this art gallery has increased extensively. In order to determine the association prevailing between the varied techniques, tools and competencies that are needed for successful attraction management and operations, multiple marketing aspects have been evaluated and implemented. This is mainly because to find out the probable effective ways through which the â€Å"State Tretyakov Galley† can attain higher level of market exposure and raise market reputation by a considerable degree. Based on the above discussion, it can be affirmed that the operators or the developers belonging to the respective field must adopt appropriate school exhibition events and practice effective advertisement techniques for attracting the viewers throughout the globe at large. Guardian News and Media Limited. (2014). Use your imagineering: Ryan Ganders art world of pranks and puzzles. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/jul/07/ryan-gander-make-every-show-like-its-your-last-manchester-review Guardian News and Media Limited. (2014). How to put together a marketing plan. Retrieved from

Analysis of a history book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of a history book - Essay Example God, according to Joshua, sent down these afflictions â€Å"to rebuke us and our posterity, and to teach us by the memory and reading of them that they were sent upon us for our sins.† (Joshua Para IV). Also, towards the end of his Chronicle he reminds the reader that he wants his writing about the events of pestilence of war to serve â€Å"as a reminder to those who endured them, and for the instruction of those who shall come after us, that, if they please, they may be enabled to become wise through these few things which I have written† (Joshua Para LXXXVI). Being a Christian, he believes that all the troubles that befell the Christian Roman Empire were caused by the sins of the people, and should serve as an illustration to St. Paul’s words that â€Å"When we are chastened, we are chastened of the Lord, that we should not be condemned with the world." (Joshua IV). His tone is similar with regards to the war that took place between the Persians and the Romans; he refers to the Persians as the â€Å"rod of God† (Para V) as they were merciless when they took over the Roman territory and ill treated the people who they captured. What is interesting is that the author does not feel that it is through any fault of the emperor Anastasius that this war was caused, who he praises as the â€Å"all-ruling and believing emperor† (Joshua Para VI). Joshua states that the war came about due to certain events in the past, which he describes in his Chronicle (Joshua Para VII-XVIII). Even when writing about the immediate precursors to war (Joshua Para XIX-XXIV), the blame, he feels squarely rests with the Persians and not the Romans. Though, of course, the fact that the people were engaged in, what he terms, sins has something to do with a reason for the outbreak of war. With regards to the war and its events, of course, he was not a party to all that

Afcian Masks from Camroon Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Afcian Masks from Camroon Africa - Essay Example It is crafted out of wood and colored with various pigments, made of naturally occurring substances. The mask measures 33.3 x 26.7 x 20.6 centimeters and is a wooden helmet mask depicting a male human face. Helmet masks are made such that they sit upon the wearers head, unlike other masks which are worn over the face or head. The surface of the mask is smooth and dark brown in color and the only details are the facial features and a crown like carving above the forehead. The face is oval in shape with wide-open rounded eyes framed by well carved eyebrows. The eyes are colored dark brown while the areas surrounding it are highlighted by use of a lighter shade. The nose is flattened slightly with large flared nostrils. A deep line runs from the forehead up to the bottom of the mask. The lips are very distinct, because of their big size and the upper lip has a well marked cleft. The cheeks are bulbous and hang down wards, and are highlighted because of the well polished surface which reflects light off it. Two small ears are placed on either side of the head but are relatively less detailed, with the outer ear and the inner ear made of contrasting light and dark pigments. The top portion of the mask is crowned by a well carved tiara-like embellishment with carved protrusions. The symmetry of the mask is well-defined and the whole effort seems to have been towards maintaining a linear balance. In the Cameroon grasslands the masks used by the numerous secret societies, show the influence of the Yoruba and the tribes of southeast Nigeria. The styles are homogenous, and there is little attention to elaborate detailing or embellishing the mask (http://www.masterpiecedirectory.com/pages/Art-History-African-Art.html) Masks are a very important part of African society and these are seen as the bridge between the world we live in and the supernatural world where dwell the dead

The Iliad Essay Example for Free

The Iliad Essay Greek Mythology is dominated by numerous heroes, all with unique super-human qualities. The purpose of every story is to demonstrate each character’s remarkable â€Å"gift.† Some of the qualities represented by these colorful characters include caution, confidence, kindness, strength, and courage. Combining Odysseus’ wisdom, Achilles’ intimidation factor, and Hector’s bravery, would result in the ultimate warrior who would surpass the best of Homer’s creations. Among Homer’s enviable heroes, Odysseus with his great cunning wisdom is certainly one of the most admired. In every major battle, it is Odysseus who comes up with the ideas to outsmart the enemy or more importantly, factors that will help and allow the Achaians to win the battles, â€Å"Wait a bit, Achilles- we know your quality, but do not drive out the army to battle fasting. Fighting lasts a long time, when once the battalions meet†¦First order them all to take food and drink here in camp. Strength and courage both are mine when I have my bread and wine†¦Then dismiss, and tell them to make a proper meal.† (Homer 231). This not only shows Odysseus’ knowledge in how a battle runs and what the soldiers need in order to have energy to fight well in battle, but also shows how Odysseus’ wisdom is acknowledged by the Achaians and he is well-respected by having kings and princes such as Agammenon and Achilles listen and do what he suggests. With his words, Odysseus also keeps the Achaian army intact, â€Å"But here we have the ninth year at the turn, and still we stay†¦But all the same, it is disgraceful to stay long and then to return empty. Bear it, my friends!† (Homer 28). The soldiers have grown impatient especially with their lack of result. Odysseus uses his wisdom to demonstrate understanding of the soldiers’ plight, yet at the same time, remind them that they’ve put in so much time and that they need to have something to show for it! A successful, ideal warrior most definitely needs Odysseus’s wisdom on the battlefield. Achilles is another one of the most famous Greek heroes. He is known as a great warrior, someone who easily intimidates all his opponents. Very few other mythology figures is a better fighter than Achilles and his intimidation factor is an extremely useful weapon, â€Å"When Acilles appeared after his long absence, and the Trojans aw him sweep into the field with gleaming armour like a very god of war, their knees trembled beneath them in dismay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Homer 237). Without even having to make a move, Achilles causes his enemies to be afraid of him and want to back down. A warrior who can intimidate his enemies by just sight, usually does have the advantage to dominate in actually fighting. Once Achilles engages in combat, it is clear to see that his skills are above all others, â€Å"My dear Priamides! Why do you tell me to tackle that proud man, when you know that is the last thing I want?It’s no good for a mere man to fight Achilles†¦And even without that his cast goes straight and does not stop till it runs through human flesh† (Homer 237-238). Aineias, who is no amateur soldier, is clearly unwilling to risk his life facing Achilles. A true, ideal warrior would definitely need to have the sort of reputation that Achilles has. An ideal warrior also needs to have bravery. No one represents this trait better than the famous Trojan, Hector. In the ten years of defending the City Of Troy, Hector is never directly connected to any defeat. Where Aineias backs off without hesitation, Hector also aware of Achilles’ reputation steps up instead when he tells Achilles, â€Å"I know you are a stronger man than I am, but all that lies on the knees of the gods† (Homer 243). Hector knows he may lose his life, but he is so full of bravery that he is not afraid to fight Achilles one on one. Hector’s daring actions also show how his valor. The killing of Patroclos is probably the most troublesome death of a warrior. Patroclos’ death leads to the Trojans and the Achaians to fight with even more intensity. However, bold Hector did not just kill Patroclos, but did something even worse, â€Å"Hector had taken the armour, and now he was dragging away the body, intending to cut off the head and throw the body among the carrion dogs† (Homer 204-205). This shows how not only is Hector daring enough to kill Patroclos when knowing he is a good friend of Achilles, but also has the guts to take his armor and even attempt to carry the body back to the Trojan city to be his chief pride. To be considered as a warrior, the man most definitely needs to take valiant actions. After reading Homer’s famous Iliad, we the readers know that Homer did not put all of the great qualities into one single warrior, but instead put great characteristics and qualities into different warriors, which when combined forms an ideal warrior- the combination of Odysseus’s wisdom, Achilles’ intimidation, and Hector’s bravery. Odysseus with his cunning wisdom not only comes up with ideas to outsmart the Achaian enemies and to win the battles, but he also helps keep the Achaian army intact. Achilles with his intimidating reputation allows him to be greatly feared by his opponents and highly-respected for his combat skills. Ultimately, Hector with his bravery and the bold actions he takes earns him a reputation of a greatly-respected hero. It is obvious that an ideal warrior must have the characteristics of Odysseus, Achilles, and Hector, heroes in The Iliad.

The ‘War on Terrorism’ v Civil Liberties

The ‘War on Terrorism’ v Civil Liberties Abstract The security of the State is of paramount importance to the integrity and wellbeing of a nation and to citizens whose rights and freedoms are protected by the security of the State. However, the rights of citizens may be affected by such powers and there exists the possibility for governments to disappear behind the doctrine of national security with the intention of preventing scrutiny of executive action. This raises two constitutional questions: the extent to which arrangements secure some form of balance between the competing needs of State Security and protection of the individual, and; the way in which, and the degree to which, the government is held accountable for powers exercised in the name of State Security, either through supervision of the courts or through the democratic process (Barnett, 2000). The focus of this essay is to analyse what this writer perceives as the central problem we are faced with: how to deal with the fact that as a society we cling tightly to our rights and freedoms whilst expecting to enjoy everyday life without fear of terrorist attacks. From the point of view of our government and police force, the law at present is not tight enough to deal with terrorism. How do we deal with this whilst retaining a democratic society? Is security worth having if the price is unacceptable restrictions on our hard-won freedoms? More specifically, this essay proposes to closely scrutinize the government’s proposals in order to draw informed conclusions about the perceived challenges to democracy and shed light on these before, as many fear, we find ourselves led like sheep into a dark place. Can we preserve judicial scrutiny of the restrictions on our freedoms whilst trying to forestall the types of terrorist activity the world has witnessed? To conclude this section, the final word of this controversy should perhaps be left to Mrs. Thatcher: when we talk of liberties, freedoms and rights, whose are we talking about? To answer that charge, perhaps I can refer to a letter I received from the mother of a young serviceman who was murdered by the IRA. She said and I quote: ‘Where is the freedom of the press? I hear them cry. Where is my son’s freedom? (Ewing Gearty, 1990) This writer agrees with the view expressed above and, whilst there are certain civil liberties and rights which are non-negotiable, others require compromise. It is necessary to debate the way in which these are safeguarded and secured. Introduction This section will provide a brief history of anti-terror legislation, in the United Kingdom. It will then outline the main terms of the debate. Northern Ireland- The ‘Troubles’ The Birmingham bombings in 1974 which were believed to have been carried out by the Irish Republican Army, leaving sixteen people dead and many more injured, prompted the passage of the Prevention on Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1974, and successive Acts including: the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989, the Prevention of Terrorism (additional Powers) Act 1996, the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1996 and the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions Act) 1998 (Bell, 1979). Space does not permit more than a brief overview of the rich and troubled history of Northern Ireland, but it is significant in that it sparked the enactment of the first Terrorism laws. In 1968, a campaign of civil disobedience and unrest began in Ireland. The reasons for the violence concerned the discrimination which existed against Catholics and the continued union with the mainland (Disturbances in Northern Ireland, 1969). In 1969, British troops were deployed to support the police in matters which had become subject to military control; in 1970, the Provisional Sinn Fein Party was formed and, in 1971, the Reverend Ian Paisley founded the Democratic Unionist Party. Those suspected of being Irish Republican Terrorists became bound by the Civil Authorities Special Powers Act (Northern Ireland) 1922. In January 1972, thirteen Catholic civilians were shot dead by British paratroopers during a banned civil march, known as ‘Bloody Sunday,’ and by 1974, 472 deaths had taken place by Protestant murderers and the IRA. Allegations of ill treatment of detainees led to proceedings against the United Kingdom by the Republic of Ireland government under the Europe an Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter ECHR). It was ruled that the procedures amounted to inhumane and degrading treatment contrary to Article 3. Reforms were initiated in an attempt to improve relations between the Catholic community and the Unionist by the Northern Ireland Parliament. However, The Northern Ireland Parliament became prorogued and its powers transferred to a Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. It was confirmed here that there was a need for detention without trial and special courts were introduced, to sit without the jury. These became known as the ‘Diplock courts’ (Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973). In 1973, a new system of power sharing between the Northern Ireland Assembly and the Westminster Parliament was initiated (Northern Ireland Constitutional Proposals, 1973). The Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 provided a statutory guarantee that Northern Ireland should remain part of the United Kingdom until the time at which a majority of the people, voting in a referendum, should determine otherwise. In a referendum held in 1973 on the question of the union with the Unite d Kingdom, a majority voted in favour of the continuation of the union. The breakdown of the system resulted in the Northern Ireland Act 1974, which resulted in the restoration of the direct rule by Westminster over Northern Ireland. The legislation also attempted to prevent the discrimination which existed in the fields of housing and employment, but this was to little affect (Chambers, 1987). Throughout the 1970s and 1980s a civil war existed (Gearty, 1991). From 1971 to 1977 an average of 252 persons were killed and 3,269 shootings occurred each year. Between 1978- 81, the averages fell respectively, to 82 and 2,574 (Dickson, 1993). A Constitutional Convention was elected, under the Northern Ireland Act 1974, in an attempt to devolve power to the province. This attempt failed as the Unionist insisted that they hold a majority of the new assembly. A new assembly, designed to be a debating and deliberative forum, was provided for, but dissolved in 1986. The Republic of Ireland Act and the Anglo-Irish Agreement, signed by the Ministers of the United Kingdom was the result of the New Ireland Forum, in 1983. This agreement supported the principle that no constitutional change concerning the relationship between the north and south could come about other than with the consent of the majority of people in Northern Ireland. In the absence of this consent, it was agreed that clos er co-operation in security, economic, social and cultural matters, as well as, the promotion between the two parts of Ireland would be called for, with the help of an Inter-governmental Conference, consisting of representatives from both the north and south. This was to be reviewed after three years, with the sovereignty over Northern Ireland remaining with the United Kingdom. However, in an application for judicial review it was claimed that the Agreement would fetter the powers and duties of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The application was dismissed. In 1993, a Joint Declaration was signed between the British and Irish governments. The Declaration indicated that the British government had ‘no selfish strategic or economic interest’ in Northern Ireland, giving effect to the neutrality of the government’s position. In 1994, the IRA announced ceasefire and, in response, the government announced that the ban on live sound broadcasts by members of Sinn Fein should be lifted. This ceasefire provided some realignment of judicial practice in support of the language of civil liberties. Gearty notes that, ‘for the first time,’ decisions such as DPP v Jones and Redmond-Bates v DPP showed a ‘judicial branch sensitive to the underlying importance of the exercise of civil liberties, in the context of association and assembly in the first case and assembly and expression in the second’ (Gearty, 2003). However, in 1996 the IRA bombed Canary Wharf in London, ending the ceasefire. At the end of the sam e year, the British government announced terms for including Sinn Fein in all discussions in order to reach a settlement. All of these demands were nevertheless rejected by Gerry Adams, President of Sinn Fein. 1997 resulted in the election of the labour government. Following a renewal of ceasefire by the IRA, and Sinn Fein’s rejection of the use of force, peace talks commenced between all parties. On Good Friday, 10 April 1998, agreement was finally reached. The agreement concerned the principles that: Northern Ireland would remain part of the United Kingdom, with the Republic of Ireland agreeing to amend its constitution to remove the claim to Northern Ireland; a Northern Ireland Assembly of 108 members was to be elected under a system of proportional representation; a North-South ministerial council was to be established by the Assembly in order to coordinate relations between Ireland and Ulster; a Council of the Isles was to be established, and; all participants expressed the commitment to the disarmament of parliamentary organisations, which was a condition for the devolution of power. Referendums were held in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The 1998 elections for the membership of the Northern Ireland Assembly produced an Assembly with power shared by four main political parties and five minority parties. In 1999, the devolution of power was complete, and the Assembly elected, and a power sharing executive in its place. When the IRA refused to cooperate, the Assembly was suspended and the power was returned to Westminster, under the Northern Ireland Act 2000. The Terrorism Act 2000 The Terrorism Act 2000 reformed and extended all previous legislation. The Act repealed the earlier Acts and placed the law on a permanent basis, no longer subject to the restriction of an annual renewal by Parliament. In relation to Northern Ireland, it was hoped that following the peace settlement, special provision would no longer be required. However, due to the problems implementing full devolution to Northern Ireland, special provisions were included in Part VII of the Act which are limited to five years. Under the Terrorism Act 2000, a wider definition was adopted which was intended not only to cover terrorism for political ends, as in the case of Northern Ireland, but also terrorism undertaken for religious and ideological motivations (Barnet, 2000). The Act covers the proscription of terrorist groups throughout the United Kingdom, the appeals process by which such an order may be challenged, offences relating to terrorist property, and police counter-terrorist powers. The Anti- Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 It was the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 which represented a new dimension of terrorist attack, with suicide bombers striking without warning and their motivation of causing mass casualties. In the heightened response to threat of terrorist attacks, in December 2001, Parliament passed the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act (hereinafter ATCSA). The Act incorporates measures designed to increase the effectiveness of authorities in combating those directly involved, and those supporting terrorism. Its main provisions will now be briefly discussed: the ATCSA allows the police authority to freeze assets of terrorist organisations and individuals when they pose a threat to the United Kingdom or its nationals; it permits disclosure of information to security and intelligence agencies, thus improving access to information; it includes a range of provisions, including the power to detain an aircraft for security reasons and the stopping and searching of passengers, as well as the regulation of laboratories of diseases and noxious substances, and; an increase in the range of police powers to photograph, search and examine to establish identity. However, perhaps the most notable introduction is the detainment of suspects without trial, in the basis that they cannot be deported to another country without breaching our human rights legislation, for example, if they might be subjected to torture. The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 In the wake of the bombings which caused death and destruction, on the 7th of July 2005, there was bound to be a danger, that in response, the government would rush out ill-considered measures. It appears, at first sight, to be exactly what has happened. Speaking on the day of the bombings, Prime Minister Tony Blair stated: It is important †¦that those engaged in terrorism realize that our determination to defend our values and our ways of life is greater than their determination to cause death and destruction to innocent people†¦Whatever they do it is our determination that they will never succeed in destroying what we hold dear in this country and other civilized nations throughout the world (Fox News, 2005). Most would passionately agree with what we understand the government to mean here: That it must not hand the terrorists a victory by taking away long held liberties and principles of justice. Why then does Liberty, these few months later, have fundamental concerns about aspects of the new draft Terrorism Bill? Among other measures, the government wants to increase the time police can hold suspects without charge from two weeks to three months, send deportees to countries known to practise torture and introduce a new offence of ‘justifying or glorifying terrorism’. The new anti-terrorism legislation comes with Tony Blair stating the existence of ‘absolutely compelling’ justifications for the crackdown, despite the potential implications for both human rights and civil liberties (Fox News, 2005). To many, however, no justification exists for proposals which demonstrate a willingness on behalf of the government to tamper with the Human Rights Act 1998 (hereinaf ter HRA) which could jeopardize Britain’s adoption of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter ECHR), as well as dangerously undermine centuries of democratic tradition. Contemporary debate on this issue thus centres around the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, which came into force on 11 March 2005. In brief, the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 gives the Home Secretary power to make Control Orders in respect of suspected terrorists, whether they are British or foreign nationals. The Control Orders include a range of possible conditions including bans on mobile phones, restrictions on associations with named individuals, and the use of tagging. On the Human Rights website, it is noted that since the government removed the detention provisions of the ATCA and replaced them with Control Orders under the 2005 Act, it is ‘once again fully complaint with its international obligations under Article 5.’ Nevertheless, the new Act has been condemned by Liberty for contravening our basic rights to freedom and liberty; saying that ‘to allow their erosion, and to give in to intolerance, would give victory to the terrorists.’ There are new measures calling for the criminalisation of speech; these vague definitions of prohibited speech raise serious concerns that the measure is overbroad and the punishment without trial provision lives on. The new Act contains the substance of which there are negative implications on our human rights. Setting the Terms of the Debate Compelling objections to several of the proposals made are not based solely on the fact that they intrude upon the human rights of every single resident and citizen of this country, but that these measures would have done nothing to stop the attack on London’s transport network on the 7th or to prevent future attacks. It is not hard to share the view that the first and best test of any legislation must remain whether or not it will work, but it is suggested alongside Martin Kettle of ‘The Guardian’(November, 2005), that whether a Bill is right in every respect can be disputed. This is crucial on a very important conceptual level which relates to the way in which debates on terrorism law are usually conducted: If one takes the view that security considerations must always triumph over those of civil liberty, anything justified by security is acceptable. If, however, one takes the converse view that no restriction of civil liberty is ever acceptable, then every such argument made on behalf of security is an attempt to betray the identity of the democratic state. The work of the European Community, the United States Supreme Court, judges elsewhere, and the United Kingdom’s human rights history to date, reveal that the enactment of a Bill of Rights can be a powerful legal and political weapon in the hands of those who are in danger of having their rights infringed. In this way, the incorporation of the Human Rights Act 1998 (hereinafter HRA), will only be as extensive as the rights which they identify and protect, as powerful as those who draft them, and as commanding as the judges who enforce them and wish to be bound by them. How will international terrorism influence Parliament’s commitment to human rights? Rights will inevitably conflict, and the limits of each will have to be established by political and legal decision. The dilemma is not new, with democratic governments in the past having to strike a balance between the state and individuals: Abraham Lincoln suspended the rights of the habeas corpus in the 19th Century civil war for example (Home Office, 2004). Although Article 5 of European Convention on Human Rights will nowadays provide more protection against unlawful detention than the habeas corpus, this has also been derogated from in light of the Terrorism Acts. Furthermore, under ‘Operation Kratos,’ an innocent man believed to be a terrorist, was shot dead by police. The basic principle is that if the police deem the lives of the public to be in jeopardy, their shooting to cause death, regardless of whether the person is in fact a terrorist, is justified (July 23, 2005). I s it right that the innocent should be deprived of their human rights, and in this case killed, due to mere suspicion? By contrast, it is worthwhile to recount Operation Flavius (Kitchin, 1989). The murders of three IRA members came before the Court of Human Rights, and in reaching its decision, the Court considered Article 2 of the Convention (McCann, Farrell and Savage v United Kingdom, 1995). The British forces killed these three terrorists in Gibraltar, as they had believed that a terrorist attack was imminent. The Court ruled that the deprivation of life under Article 2 was justified only where ‘absolutely necessary,’ and that, accordingly, the use of force was greater than absolutely necessary in defence of persons from unlawful violence within the meaning of Article 2. Where is the line attributing to ‘absolutely necessary,’ to be drawn, and what stage are we to be deprived of our human rights? How will the new legislation affect this? Chapter 2 This chapter introduces the concepts of the rule of law, civil liberties, human rights and autonomy, analysing the changing approach to these in light of our multi-level constitution. Before proceeding, it is necessary to briefly explain the concept of the United Kingdom’s constitution. In lay terms, a constitution is a set of rules which governs an organisation. The characteristics of the United Kingdom’s constitution in summary are that: it is largely unwritten in character; it is flexible in nature; it is supreme; it is unitary in structure, although there is a degree of devolution; it exhibits mainly but not completely separated powers, and; it is monarchical. In discussing terrorism and the powers of our constitution, we are referring to the concept of constitutionalism. The doctrine suggest that: the exercise of power be within legal limits conferred by Parliament on those with power and that those who exercise power are accountable by law; the exercise of power must conform to the respect for the individual and the individual citizen’s rights; the powers conferred on institutions within a State must be dispersed between the various inst itutions so as to avoid abuse of power, and; the government, in formulating policy, and the legislature, in legitimating that policy, are accountable to the electorate on whose trust the power is held. It is against these conceptual and practical requirements that the constitution of the United Kingdom should be examined. The Basic Values: Rule of Law; Civil Liberties, Human Rights, Autonomy The rule of law represents one of the most challenging concepts of the constitution. There are many rich and varied interpretations which have been given to it, and it is important to recognise that the rule of law ensures limited governmental power and the protection of individual rights and freedoms. Dicey’s view on the rule of law, although ‘not capable of precise definition,’ by his own admission, is as follows: ‘It is an attitude, an expression of liberal and democratic principles, in themselves vague when it is sought to analyse them, but clear enough in their results’ (Dicey, 1959). The spirit of the rule of law is thus the sovereignty or supremacy of law over man: irrespective of rank and status, it is prescriptive, dictating the conduct required by the law, and; protective of its citizens. It is inexplicitly linked with Western democratic liberalism (Neumann, 1986). However, the acceptance of the rule of law is not universally accepted: from a Marxist perspective, the law conceals the injustices of a capitalist system and so denotes a false idealisation of the law, and from the socialist perspective, liberalism pays too much regard to equality and protection of property interests (Lustgarten, 1988.) Despite of such criticisms, and there are many, even within the Western liberal tradition, the rule of law retains a hold on political and legal perspective: it displays ‘enduring importance as a central artefact in our legal and political culture’ (Raz, 1977). In its simplest and general meaning, liberty involves non-interference by others with one’s freedom of choice and action. It supports personal autonomy, where the person displays a degree of reflectiveness, self-awareness, and social awareness which allows him or her to form plans and understand their impact on everyone in the immediate social group (Feldman, 2002). However, Dworkin warns that this is only one of many personal and social aptitudes, and is not determinative of a person’s self respect (Dworkin, 1988). Recognising and protecting someone’s right or liberty, and tolerating their exercise of it, involves a potential cost to other individuals and to the public generally. Seeing individual choices of goods as the highest human good, and the priority of liberty over other values, are therefore highly controversial ideas. Socialist and communitarian theorists have challenged any political theory which places the individual and his or her choices somehow ou tside society. Rather, it is said that, people’s values and choices are shaped by the public good, and liberty is possible only if nurtured by society (Mulhall Swift 1996). For this reason the term ‘human rights,’ in this essay, shall refer to those rights which have been enshrined in human rights treaties to all those within a state’s jurisdiction. The analysis of what it is to be the bearer of a right is problematic in the case of terrorism where, by definition, intrusion with the freedoms of those inciting terrorism, is defective in the very characteristics that are highlighted by the autonomy theory. The regulation of matters relating to state security is therefore at risk of state interference that applies to few other human groups. The state many not need to differentiate systematically between these groups, as the traditional approach in the United Kingdom has been to treat liberty as an undifferentiated whole, so that Parliament has a very wide discretion to decide how to balance liberties against each other or against public interests (Feldman, 2002). However differentiated, at first sight the intrusion of liberties is in effect discriminatory and therefore contrary to Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights, as it permits the deprivation of liberty, and thus autonomy, on grounds that do not apply to other persons. The most general rhetoric of human rights reinforces this element this uncertainty. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, begins with the assertion that ‘all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.’ This could be taken to suggest that, in the area of human rights at least, those inciting terrorism have the same status as everyone else. However, the Declaration then goes on to state that ‘they (all human beings) are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood,’ thereby implicitly introducing an element of uncertainty about the status of those who lack the intellectual and moral reasoning ability upon which the assertion of ‘brotherhood’ is said to be founded (Hart, 1972). Indeed, the Declaration seems to harbour the basis for depriving those inciting terrorism of fundamental rights; it is often assumed in practice that those who cannot be reasoned with, and those whose deranged minds, render them incapable of making sensible decisions for themselves, and those whose irrational conduct, uninhibited by natural moral inhibitions, makes them threatening to others, must be controlled, segregated and remove d from ordinary social relations, if necessary against their express and vehement protests (Campbell, 1986). Therefore, a state which ‘arbitrary kills, imprisons or tortures its citizens so chills the political atmosphere that it cannot be described as democratic, regardless of how free speech formally is or how regularly secret votes are polled: freedom cannot be constructed on such authoritarian foundations’ (Gearty, 2003). Certainly, the word ‘civil,’ from civil liberties, is taken to refer to the way in which liberty contributes to the relationship between the individual and the state in civil society. Mrs Thatcher said the following about her conservative government’s legislative stance on the question of terrorism, which coincides with this argument, in 1988: Yes, some of those measures do restrict freedom. But those who choose to live by the bomb and gun, and those who support them, can’t in all circumstances be accorded exactly the same rights as everyone else. We do sometimes have to sacrifice a little of the freedom we cherish in order to defend ourselves from those who aim to destroy that freedom altogether- and that is a decision we should not be afraid to take. Because in the battle against terrorism we shall never give in. The only victory will be our victory; the victory of democracy and a free society. (Ewing Gearty, 1990) An opposing view is uttered by Robert Nozick. Nozick describes Mrs. Thatcher’s stance as a ‘minimal state,’ providing security from internal and external threats, but performing no other functions (Nozick, 1980). This view sees the conservative governments approach as exhibiting what is described as ‘negative liberties:’ freedoms from harm, rather than rights to goods (Berlin, 1980). This view sees the state as having no responsibility to take positive steps to ensure that people are able to take advantage of liberties, but only to prevent others from interfering with their liberties (Feldman, 2002). Therefore, the only illegitimate interference with autonomy concerns what other people do to you (Paul, 1982). The conservative government’s stance seems to be mirrored with the present governing by Labour. If Nozick is right to criticise such a perspective, how can a replacement be affective against terrorism? What would the alternative involve? Protecting Rights Liberty: What is Necessary in a Democratic Society? Thus it follows that in developed societies: persons inciting terrorism are lawfully excluded from human society and denied autonomy in terms of their personal liberty, self-determination and self-expression. This is licensed by the European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter ECHR) which states in Article 5(1): Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law †¦ the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so. The essence of liberty, and terrorism fuelled due to religious reasons, is also contained in Article 9 ECHR: 1. Everyone has the rights to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance. 2. Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health and morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. However, Article 14 warns: The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status. Article 14 does not provide a right to non-discrimination per se but, rather, a right not to be discriminated against in relation to the other rights and freedoms protected by the Convention. Therefore, Article 14 enjoys no independent existence; it is tied to other Articles in the Convention (X v Federal Republic of Germany 1970). In assessing what is ‘necessary in a democratic society,’ the Court will operate according to the ‘rich’ model of democracy, rather than the majority rule (Feldman, 2002). By virtue of the decided case, Handyside v United Kingdom (1976), this means that in honouring the Convention rights, minorities must be protected against unfair treatment and abuse by the majority. This means that any interference with a right must be justifiable on the basis of: a response to a pressing need to act for that purpose, and; a proportionate response to that purpose (The Spycatcher cases). The definition of proportionality relates to balancing the seriousness of the threat to the interests which are protected within the purposes for which it is legitimate to interfere with that right (McBride, 1999). The margin of appreciation offers a way of arbitrating between claims to state sovereignty in international institutions and the need to universalise human rights standards under international law. These concepts will be discussed more extensively in the latter part of this essay. The conclusion thus far is that those inciting terrorism are inevitably associated with some deprivation of rights. The law which protects state security is nevertheless viewed with suspicion by democrats and civil libertarians, as the threat to state security can be asserted by those in power to justify restricting freedoms to protect the interests of the governing party, rather than the public (Feldman, 2002). Moreover, governmental demands for security will provoke scepticism.<

Sex and Gender Essay -- Anatomy Papers

Sex and Gender Arianna Stassinopoulos wrote in the 1973 book The Female Woman: "It would be futile to attempt to fit women into a masculine pattern of attitudes, skills and abilities and disastrous to force them to suppress their specifically female characteristics and abilities by keeping up the pretense that there are no differences between the sexes" (Microsoft Bookshelf). In her statement we see a cultural feminist response to the dominant liberal feminism of the 1970s. Liberal feminism de-emphasized gender differences, claiming that women were the equals of men and that this would be obvious if only they were offered the same opportunities as men with no special privileges necessary. On the other hand, cultural feminists such as Stassinopoulos claimed that women's unique perspective and talents must be valued, intentionally emphasizing the differences between men and women. A third type of feminism, post-modernism, is represented in Sexing the Body by Anne Fausto-Sterling. Post-modern feminism questions the very origins of gender, sexuality, and bodies. According to post-modernism, the emphasis or de-emphasis of difference by cultural and liberal feminists is meaningless, because the difference itself and the categories difference creates are social constructions. Fausto-Sterling's post-modernism, however, depicts this social construction in a unique manner; she attempts to illustrate the role of science in the construction of gender, sex, and bodies. In doing so she discusses three main ways in which science aids in the social construction of sex: first, new surgical technology allows doctors to literally construct genitalia; second, socially accepted biases aff ect the way scientists design, carry out, and analyze ex... ...heories of performing gender to make this point, Fausto-Sterling is able to point to concrete scientific experiments and explain where they go wrong. And one can conclude from Fausto-Sterling's book that not only do we "do" gender, we also "do" sex and bodies as well. Works Cited Butler, Judith. "Performative acts and gender constitution: An essay in phenomenology and feminist theory." 1998. Excerpt from K. Conboy, N. Medina and S. Stanbury, eds. Writing on the Body: Female Embodiment and Feminist Theory (401-17). NY: Columbia University Press, 1997. Fausto-Sterling, Anne. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. NY: Basic Books, 2000. Stassinopoulos, Arianna. "The Natural Woman." Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. Entry found under "gender." Microsoft Bookshelf 2000. CD-ROM. 2000.

Dippin Dots

Founded in 1988, for over 20 years Dippin’ Dots has commonly been referred to as â€Å"the ice cream of the future. † As a result of soaring operating costs and plummeting sales, Dippin’ Dots has endured substantial losses in their number of operating franchises. Dippin’ Dots flourished for many years as a unique segment of the ice cream market, targeting the out of home demographic, mainly focusing operations in busy areas like amusement parks, theatres and stadiums. Now facing increasingly dangerous competition, Dippin’ Dots must first identify their problems, and then execute the necessary resolutions if they want to regain their footing in the ice cream business. One problem facing Dippin’ Dots is that the unique product they offer severely limits the target markets that can be reached. Since retail locations can only offer the product at 10 to 20 ° below zero, special storage freezers are required, as well as specially manufactured cryogenic transport chambers in order to dispatch the product. These among other concerns have limited the distribution of Dippin’ Dots to only serve the away from home segment of the ice cream market. It is therefore advisable for Dippin’ Dots to construct an ice cream product which can be offered at temperatures that a supermarket could handle in efforts to reach the majority in house consumers of the ice cream market. Dippin’ Dots must also tackle the problem of pricing. At $5 for 5 ounces, Dippin’ Dots is unquestionably at the high end of the spectrum as far as ice cream goes; they have therefore aimed for areas where people are more willing to spend money, such as amusement parks like six flags and shopping malls. Another major deterrent to Dippin’ Dots is the threat of new entrants. According to the article it was due to the negligence in part of Dippin’ Dots founder Curt Jones , their patent was declared worthless, based on the fact that they had sold their ice cream product to over 800 customers before ever proposing the patent request. This allowed competitors the opportunity to create exact replicas of their once distinctive product. What’s even more eye gouging is these competitors were all disenfranchised former dealers of Dippin’ Dots, some of whom are now targeting much more of the global market, an area that should have been maximized by Dippin’ Dots several years ago. In light of their current and ongoing adversity, Dippin’ Dots should rapidly seek either a merger with an existing ice cream producer or create their own line of take home ice cream in order to decrease some of the losses that will inevitably be associated with this new competition. It is also recommended that Dippin’ Dots hire a new, experienced sales manager who can deal with supermarket chains, packaging companies, and distribution channels globally. After 20 years of operations, the time has come for Dippin’ Dots to expand their horizons. Everyone knows the name and children love the product so at least there’s no problem with brand awareness. Because of this legacy and reputation the introduction of Dippin’ Dots to the supermarket will be sure to turn heads and be a hit. If Dippin’ Dots can make the transition into this new market while somehow finding a way to keep their prices competitive, their chances of survival will improve considerably.