The structure and organization of the human body

The mental synthesis and organization of the human ashes Unit 3 The Structure, social course and Organisation of The Human Body Out come in 1 Handout building block of measurement 3 THE STRUCTURE, ORGANISATION AND FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN BODY OUTCOME 1 The cadreph iodine is the basic structural and functional unit of all cognise nourishment existences. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living social occasion, and is often called the building block of life. It is usually a microscopic structure tameing nuclear and cytoplasmic material en tight fittingd by a semi-permeable membrane. just about organisms, such as some bacteria, atomic number 18 unielectric carrelular phoneular(consist of a single jail cell). separate organisms, such as humans, ar multicellular.Each cell is at to the lowest degree somewhat self-contained and self-maintaining it can take in nutrients, convert these nutrients into energy, im expound out specialized functions, and reproduce as necessary. Each cell stores its knowledge set of instructions for carrying out each of these activities. Comparison of structures mingled with living creature and shew cells Typical animal cellTypical plant cellOrganellesNucleus Nucleolus (within nucleus)Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) round ERRibosomesCytoskeletonGolgi toolCytoplasmMitochondriaVesiclesLysosomesCentrosomeCentriolesNucleusNucleolus (within nucleus)Rough ERSmooth ER RibosomesCytoskeletonGolgi apparatus (dictiosomes)CytoplasmMitochondriaVacuolesCell wall ORGANELLES Nucleus- Controls the cell. It consists of the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin, and nucleoplasm. Nucleolus- atomic number 18 non-membraneous matrix of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein. found in the nucleus. Instructions in desoxyribonucleic acid be copied here. It works with ribosomes in the synthesis of protein. Chromosomes- Determines what traits a living thing will have, passes information from p arnt to offspring. Ce ll Membrane- same as unit membrane. Gives the cell shape, holds the cytoplasm, and controls what moves into and out of the cell. acts as a boundary socio-economic class to contain the cytoplasm (fluid in cell) interlocking surfaces bind cells to line upher. Cytoplasm- Jellylike material (cytosol and organelles), most of the cells chemical reactions take place there, and make up of mostly body of water and some chemicals. Vacuoles- Liquid-filled, may store food, water, minerals, or wastes. on that point maybe more(prenominal) than one. In plants it takes up a lot of space, produce turgor pressure against cell wall for support. Mitochondria- Produce energy when food is broken down, often called the go-getter of the cell. Its structure is compose of modified double unit membrane (protein, lipid). Its privileged membrane infolded to form cristae. It is the site of cellular respiration i.e. the release of chemical energy from foodGlucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energ y (ATP) Ribosomes- Where proteins are made, and often connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. A cell may have as many an(prenominal) as 500,000. They are non-membraneous, spherical bodies composed of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein enzymes. They are the site of protein synthesis. Endoplasmic Reticulum- The transportation system in the cell, connects the nuclear membrane with the cell membrane. Used in detoxification of the cell. ER. Forms a tubular network passim the cell. Provides a large surface area for the organization of chemical reactions and synthesis. Centrioles- Found just now in animal cells, is used in cell reproduction to function the chromosomes arrange before cell division. They are nine triplets of microtubules form one centriole. Two centrioles form one centrosome. They form spindle fibres to separate chromosomes during cell division. Golgi apparatus(bodies)- Stacks of flattened sacs of unit membrane (cisternae) vesicles pinch off the edges. Modifies chemical s to oblige them functional. Secretes chemicals in tiny vesicles. Stores chemicals. May produce endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes- digests food particles with enzymes, pinched of pieces of golgi apparatus. ar membrane bound bag containing hydrolytic enzymes. Are hydrolytic enzyme = (water split biological catalyst) i.e. victimisation water to split chemical bonds.They break large molecules into small molecules by inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond. Cell Wall- Found solely in plant cells. Forms a thick outer covering extracurricular the cell membrane, gives the plant support and shape. Is a non-living secretion of the cell membrane, composed of cellulose. They are cellulose fibrils deposited in alternating forges for strength. Cell wall contains pits (openings) that make it all permeable. It provides protection from physical injury and together with vacuole, provides skeletal support. Chloroplasts- Found all in plant cells. Found in the cytoplasm of green plan t cells, contain chlorophyll, traps the energy from light, and is where photosynthesis takes place. It is composed of a double layer of modified membrane (protein,chlorophyll, lipid). The inner membrane invaginates to form layers called grana (sing., granum) where chlorophyll is concentrated. It is the site of photosynthesis chlorophyll Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen radiant energy (food). TISSUE thither are many antithetic types of cells in the human body. None of these cells function well on there own, they are part of the larger organism that is called you. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. Hence, a weave is an ensemble of cells, not inescapably identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specialized function. Organsare then formed by the functional grouping together of ternary winds. Cells group together in the body to form meanders a gathering of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function. There are 4 primary tissue paper types in the human body epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and case tissue.1. Epithelial Tissue- The cells of epithelial tissue pack tightly together and form continuous sheets that answer as linings in different parts of the body. Epithelial tissue pay heed as membranes lining organs and helping to keep the bodys organs separate, in place and protected. Some examples of epithelial tissue are the outer layer of the spit out, the inside of the mouth and stomach, and the tissue surrounding the bodys organs.2. Connective Tissue- There are many types of connective tissue in the body. Generally speaking, connective tissue adds support and structure to the body. Most types of connective tissue contain tendinous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue. Some examples of connective tissue implicate the inner layers of flake off, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone and fa t tissue. In addition to these more recognisable forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue.3. musclebuilder Tissue- brawniness tissue is a specialized tissue that can contract. Muscle tissue contains the specialized proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another and deed over movement. Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscles throughout your body.4. grimace Tissue- Nerve tissue contains two types of cells neurons and glial cells. Nerve tissue has the ability to vex and conduct electrical signals in the body. These electrical messages are managed by buttock tissue in the brain and transmitted down the spinal stack to the body. ORGANS Organs are the next level of organization in the body. An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose. There are many different organs in the body the liver, kidneys, heart, even your skin is an organ. In fact, the sk in is the largest organ in the human body and provides us with an excellent example for explanation purposes. The skin is composed of three layers the epi derma, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin. It consists of epithelial tissue in which the cells are tightly packed together providing a barrier between the inside of the body and the outside world. Below the epidermis lies a layer of connective tissue called the dermis. In addition to providing support for the skin, the dermis has many other purposes. The dermis contains blood vessels that nourish skin cells. It contains affectionateness tissue that provides feeling in the skin. And it contains muscle tissue that is responsible for giving you goosebumps when you get cold or frightened. The subcutaneous layer is beneath the dermis and consists in the first place of a type of connective tissue called adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is more commonly cognise as fat and it helps cushion the ski n and provide protection from cold temperatures. unquiet tissue is one of quadruplet major classes of vertebrate tissue.Nervous tissue is the main component of the aflutter system-the brain, spinal cord, and nerves-which regulates and controls body functions. It is composed of neurones, which transmit impulses, and the neuroglia, which assist propagation of the nerveimpulse as well as provide nutrientsto the neuron. Every time you get pinched, part of your nerve tissue is damaged.Nervous tissue is made of nerve cells that come in many varieties, all of which are distinctly characteristic by the axon or long stem like part of the cell that sends action potential signals to the next cell.Functions of the nervous system are sensory(a) input, integration, controls of muscles and glands, homeostasis, and mental activity.All living cells have the ability to react to stimuli. Nervous tissue is specialized to react to stimuli and to conduct impulses to various organs in the body which br ing about a response to the stimulus. Nerve tissue (as in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves that branch throughout the body) are all made up of specialized nerve cells called neurons. Neurons are easily stimulated and transmit impulses very rapidly. A nerve is made up of many nerve cell fibres (neurons) bound together by connective tissue. A sheath of dense connective tissue, the epineurium surrounds the nerve. This sheath penetrates the nerve to form the perineurium which surrounds bundles of nerve fibres. Blood vessels of various sizes can be seen in the epineurium. The endoneurium, which consists of a thin layer of loose connective tissue, surrounds the individual nerve fibres.The cell body is enclosed by a cell (plasma) membrane and has a central nucleus. Granules called Nissl bodies are found in the cytoplasm of the cell body. Within the cell body, extremely fine neurofibrils extend from the dendrites into the axon. The axon is ring by the myelin sheath, which forms a whitish, non-cellular, fatty layer around the axon. alfresco the myelin sheath is a cellular layer called the neurilemma or sheath of Schwann cells. The myelin sheath together with the neurilemma is also known as the medullary sheath. This medullary sheath is interrupted at intervals by the nodes of Ranvier.Neuronal CommunicationNerve cells are functionally made to each other at a junction known as a synapse, where the terminal branches of an axon and the dendrites of another neuron lie in close proximity to each other but normally without direct contact. information is transmitted across the gap by chemical secretions called neurotransmitters. It causes activation in the post-synaptic cell. All cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli.