Frogs :: essays research papers fc

Frogs are needed for everyday life. They are part of pond life. Each sentient being is important because even in the pond, there is a food chain. Frogs are amphibians, animals that spend half of their lives under water, and remainder on land. The first frog appeared in the early Jurassic period about 200 million years ago.Frogs live on every continent except Antarctica, but tropical regions start the largest amount. Like all amphibians, frogs spend half their lives near water because they must return to the water to lay their eggs. Frogs live underwater mostly when the are suppuration up to be an adult frog and when they are laying their eggs. When they hatch under water they are tadpoles and the breath with gills and swim using a tail. As they mature they loose their tail and they develop to be able to breathe air. During an extensive period of heat, a drought, frogs can enter a period of damancy equal to hibernation called starvation. Most of the frogs live in tropical and sem itropical regions, most species of frogs breed in the spring or in early summer. Although the different species my vary in size and color, mostly all frogs have basic body structure. They have large hind legs, short front legs and flat head and body with no neck.Most frogs have teeth only on their upper jaw. Toads swallow their prey in one piece. To aid in the swallowing process, the frogs eyeball sink through the openings in the skull and force the food down its throat. Frogs eat insects, catching them with their long sticky tongue. They in any case eat small fish and worms. They also absorb concentrate to make them stronger, and toxins (poisonous substances) in their fatty tissues.Since the 1980s scientists have noted the decline of many frog species. People do not go through for certain what has caused these declines. A possible factor is taint, disease, habitat destruction, and acid rain. Another factor may be the thinning of the earths protective ozone layer, which allows more(prenominal) harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun to reach the earth. Because frogs have thin, moist skin and an aquatic tadpole stage, they are easily affected by pollution and changes in the environment.

expatriate failures :: essays research papers fc

EXPATRIATE FAILURESThe internationalization of business has proceeded at a rapid pace as the world has become a global economy.(Mathis, Jackson 2000) This is the very reason why companies now have the need for international executives. As all aspects of a business spread worldwide, so must the employees. An expatriate by definition is a home-county national, usually an employee of the firm, who is sent abroad to manage a foreign subsidiary. (Rodrigues, 2001) A successful expatriate generally requires an extensive amount of time and money, however, a failed expatriate feces be even more costly for an organization. A subject of multinational corporations showed that 69% (of the firms surveyed) had recall rates of expatriates between 10 to 20 percent. Comp bed to Japan and their figures, (86% of firms had less than 5% recall rate) the United States has room for improvement. (Tung, 1981) There ar many reason for expatriates to fail and many differences between Japan and United States human resource management planning.One of the main reasons why expatriates fail is collect to the social and physical environments of the foreign country. Adaptation problems can effect the on-the-job effectiveness of the expatriate. Different value systems and living habits are a main vex of adaptation problems and the inability to communicate only worsens the problem. Lack of communication verbally and nonverbally can affect every aspect of a persons career and person life. If someone cant communicate, imagine the difficulty of going to the bank, dealing with customers, and even going grocery shopping. In addition to the new surrounding environments, if the expatiates family can not accompany them or is not happy with the new living arrangements then it could result in separation anxiety. Humans need to feel undecomposed in their environments and with all of these downfalls it is extremely difficult to accomplish. When an expatiate is not happy with their situation, it will r eflect on their job performance.Some other reasons for expatriates to fail are differences in the managerial and organizational principles. If a foreign country has different principles than the home-country than implementation can be very difficult. This also applies to objectives and policies. With such differences the expatriate whitethorn need to conform to the topical anesthetic situation. If the expatriate managers authority is visibly constrained, his or her opportunity to establish and maintain an effective relationship with local associates is diminished. (Rodrigues, 2001) An expatriates authority can appear constrained if the home office overcentralizes the decision making.

Achilles vs. Hector in the Iliad :: Iliad essays

Achilles vs. push around in the Iliad   In the Iliad, many an(prenominal) of the male characters display heroic characteristics, consistent with the heroic warrior code of ancient Greece. They try to win distinction in battle, yet are often characterized as having a distinctly human side. They each have certain strengths and weaknesses, which are evident at many times throughout the conflicts described in the Iliad. Prime examples of such characters are Achilles and Hector. These two characters have obvious differences in their approaches to fitting the heroic mold to which they both(prenominal) try to conform. However, despite their differences and the fact that they are fighting for opposing armies and meet each other with hatred in battle, they also have numerous confusable traits which logically lend themselves to a comparison between the two men. They both display behavior that could be described as heroism. The first way in which Achilles, who fights for the Greeks, and Hector, who fights for the Trojans, act differently is how they approach war and the inevitable violence and death which accompany it.   Although Achilles k directlys that he is fated to be killed in battle, when his faithful and devoted associate Patroclus is mercilessly and dishonorably cut down in combat, he puts aside his pride and chooses to temporarily forget about his previous feuds with Agamemnon that have up until now prevented him from participating in the war. He joins the fighting with a deadly and vengeful mindset that will likely play a major factor in the outcome of the war.   Today, this lust for revenge might be considered a glaring character flaw. However, this passion for retribution undoubtedly conforms to the heroic code of Greek society. Meanwhile, Hector is full of indecision and reluctance about whether to take part in the war. He too believes that fate has dictated that he will be killed in battle. He spends much time with his pleading wife Andromache, who begs him not to go to war, both for his sake and for his family&213s. He does not want to die and thus widow Andromache, leaving her at the loom of another man. Indeed, when he bids farewell to his young son Astyanax, clothed in his shining war gear with gleaming helmet effect with plume crest (the

Equal Pay :: essays research papers

Mike K.Essay on equal pay in the work place.In 1963, President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law, fashioning it unlawful to discriminate against a worker on the basis of sex. Since that time, the w mount gap between men and women in the United States has narrowed by comely 15 cents, now being 74 cents, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau.Pay equality is most prevalent for the 16 to 24 age group, in which women earn more than 90 percent of what men do however, the gap becomes 75 percent in the 25 to 54 year middle-aged group those at the height of their careers and life responsibilities. A number of factors have contributed to the gap between mens and womens plights. These include occupational requisition of women into low paying jobs lower levels of unionization for women and attitudinal barriers that have kept women from achieving equality in the workplace and undervaluation for womens work. The Equal Pay Act (part of the Fair undertaking Standards Act), forbids em ployers to compensate women differently for jobs that are substantially equal, that is, almost identical. Traditionally, women have worked in different occupations than men these occupations tend to be substantially different, pay less(prenominal) and confer less authority. Equity means fairness and justice. Pay equity programs throughout the world attempt to legislate and regulate the elimination of systemic gender-based wage discrimination and to ensure ongoing systems that will maintain equitable wage relationships over time.Pay equity programs attempt to address the undervaluation for work traditionally or historically done by women. Pay equity (also referred to as comparable worth) programs require a gender-neutral analysis of comparative work. A variety of really different jobs are compared based on a composite of the skill, effort and responsibility of a job and the conditions under which the job is generally done. The comparison determines the proportional worth of those j obs to the achievement of a firms objectives, under the proposition that equal contribution merits equal compensation. Where female-dominated jobs in the workplace are found to be of equal or comparable value to male-dominated jobs but paid below the level of the male jobs or payline, then all employees in those female-dominated jobs are authorise to receive pay equity adjustments. But how are these adjustments to be determined in a workplace that already subjectively undervalues the effort and contribution of women and minorities?

Educating Prisoners - An Unnecessary Effort Essay -- Education Prison

Educating Prisoners An Unnecessary EffortCrime knows no bound, no race, no social status, no gender. In prisons, all criminals are criminals, whether they have connected felony, rape or assault. White-collar criminal offences are the same as any other crime. Still, most inmates are from the middle class and lower class of our society. However, committing crime, and what benign of crime, is still the choice of the person, whether he has attained a formal pedagogy, a higher degree of learning or not.Still the fact remains that the stove of understanding and the extent of knowledge of white-collar crimes, being more complicated by systems and networks, require some kind of formal education, if not an extensive one. This does not mean that educated people only commit white-collar crimes. It only proves education does not mean absence of criminal behavior. This is used to point come in the argument that educating prisoners makes them smarter criminals. As they learn new ideas, con cepts and theories, and how to apply their learning, educated prisoners can croak intelligent criminals. Many victim rights groups view educating criminals as ignoring the victims. Security should be the top priority in correctional substructures. Education is a key to productivity, a key to a more prosperous life. Applying education in crime results in the disruption of the society. And educating prisoners does not mean productivity and a more prosperous life for them because they remain behind bars. Germanotta (110-112) presented phases that a prisoner student passes through. The depression phase is the acceptance of prison education as any other jail program like the maintenance of the institution and the recreation program. Inmates may conceptualise prison education as an addition to their recreation program or just a break from the stressful confines of the prison cell. Anyhow, the reasons dont coincide with the purpose of education, everything is entirely for their own pra ctical and personal reasons not in connection with the function of education. The next phase is the realization of the purpose of education, of learning. This disengages themselves from thoughts of their mania and they discover social formations and social reality. The prisoner student, thus, begins to have a transformation of point of views and opinions, of himself. He learns and he inspires himself to learn more. ... ...rtainty and reluctance, the professors teaching in the jail institution keep up prison education. They see correctional education as vital in reducing the human suffering that breeds crime (LoPinto). Advocates of prison education also defends this by saying education improves the self-concept of the inmate, thus, producing a productive person whether he is inside bars or not. Mogan justifies that prison education provides the prisoner pertinent skills that would help him get back on his feet when he is released from the prison. He argues that educated inmates, w hen released, are more apt to earn incomes above the poverty level (Mogan) and they become more industrious and free of laziness and hatred.Works CitedGermanotta, Dante. Prison Education A Contextual Analysis. Davidson 103-121.Thomas, Jim. The Ironies of Prison Education. Davidson 25-48.Davidson, Howard ed. Schooling in a Total inception Critical Perspectives on Prison Education. Ed. Howard Davidson. USA Bergin & Garvey, 1995.Mogan, Rick. In Defense of Prison Education. The Touchstone. Vol.X, No.4 (2000). LoPinto, Bernard. Prison Education. About. 2005. Primedia Co. March 17, 2005

Educating Prisoners - An Unnecessary Effort Essay -- Education Prison

Educating Prisoners An Unnecessary EffortCrime knows no bound, no race, no social status, no gender. In prisons, all criminals are criminals, whether they have committed felony, rape or assault. White-collar criminal offenses are the same as any other crime. Still, most inmates are from the middle class and turn away class of our society. However, committing crime, and what kind of crime, is still the choice of the person, whether he has attained a formal nurture, a higher degree of learning or not.Still the feature remains that the scope of understanding and the extent of knowledge of white-collar crimes, being more complicated by systems and networks, require some kind of formal fostering, if not an extensive one. This does not mean that educated people only commit white-collar crimes. It only proves education does not mean absence of criminal behavior. This is apply to point out the argument that educating prisoners makes them smarter criminals. As they learn new ideas, concepts and theories, and how to apply their learning, educated prisoners can become intelligent criminals. Many victim rights groups view educating criminals as ignoring the victims. Security should be the top priority in correctional institutions. Education is a key to productivity, a key to a more prosperous life. Applying education in crime results in the disruption of the society. And educating prisoners does not mean productivity and a more prosperous life for them because they remain behind bars. Germanotta (110-112) presented phases that a prisoner student passes through. The first phase is the acceptance of prison education as any other jail program like the maintenance of the institution and the cheer program. Inmates may consider prison education as an addition to their recreation program or just a break from the stressful confines of the prison cell. Anyhow, the reasons dont coincide with the purpose of education, everything is entirely for their own practical and pers onal reasons not in connection with the function of education. The next phase is the acknowledgement of the purpose of education, of learning. This disengages themselves from thoughts of their alienation and they discover social formations and social reality. The prisoner student, thus, begins to have a transformation of point of views and opinions, of himself. He learns and he inspires himself to learn more. ... ...rtainty and reluctance, the professors teaching in the jail institution keep up prison education. They see correctional education as vital in reducing the human suffering that breeds crime (LoPinto). Advocates of prison education also defends this by saying education improves the self-concept of the inmate, thus, producing a productive person whether he is inside bars or not. Mogan justifies that prison education provides the prisoner relevant skills that would help him get back on his feet when he is released from the prison. He argues that educated inmates, when rele ased, are more apt to earn incomes above the distress level (Mogan) and they become more industrious and free of laziness and hatred.Works CitedGermanotta, Dante. Prison Education A Contextual Analysis. Davidson 103-121.Thomas, Jim. The Ironies of Prison Education. Davidson 25-48.Davidson, Howard ed. Schooling in a Total Institution Critical Perspectives on Prison Education. Ed. Howard Davidson. USA Bergin & Garvey, 1995.Mogan, Rick. In Defense of Prison Education. The Touchstone. Vol.X, No.4 (2000). LoPinto, Bernard. Prison Education. About. 2005. Primedia Co. March 17, 2005

Don Giovanni

Mr. Warren enter Giovanni After watching the wear out Giovanni play ill conclude that Don Giovanni is non guilty in the rape of Donna Anna. She accused him of the rape, but in that location is no full evidence that she got raped. She apparently said that she got raped after the fact her dad was killed. Just because he killed The Commendatore doesnt mean that he is guilty of the rape. The first element of evidence disputing the rape claim is that Donna Anna entirely needs an alibi because she is scared she will drop off her husband because she was seduced by a nonher man.Don Giovanni has a long history of getting with a ton of different women with relative ease. Donna Anna has some sketchy stories in her sign story about the assault. The initial incident that took place was not seen by anybody at all. Donna Anna also has a fiance, and had she been caught up in a cheating s targetdalisation her lift might be ruined. The evidence supports a reasonable doubt that could be determ ined by the story and ways of Don Giovanni. The second piece of evidence disproving Donna Annas claim of the rape by Don Giovanna is the towns bias towards Don Giovanni.He has a someoneality that people are not very fond of. For example, hooking up with a lot of girls and treating him the way he does. People will assume that Don Giovanni is really guilty out front looking at the facts. Knowing this, Don Giovanni is not guilty just because of what people think of him. Don Giovanni is not guilty of rape just because of the person he carries himself with. More evidence that supports Don Giovanni being innocent is the fact that the servants werent around when the assault happened but all the sudden appeared after the maul of Donna Annas father.If Donna Anna was being raped, why wasnt she screaming and fighting during the assault by Don Giovanni. If she was screaming during the rape, the servants would have come and helped her. The servants are a rouge piece of evidence in proving th e innocence of Don Giovanni. The fourth piece of evidence that supports Don Giovanni being innocent is his black book filled with women he has gotten with. Don Giovanni is a ladies man who has an extensive history if seducing women with ease. He has a whole book of women whom he has had sexual relations with.Its not a bad thing that he is able to seduce women with relative ease because that makes his case for himself. Getting with a lot of women isnt a crime, and shouldnt be something that can be used as credible evidence in order to bring a rape conviction down on Don Giovanni. The next piece of evidence supporting Don Giovannis innocence from the rape claim is the fact that Donna Anna precious Don to be dead and wanted to wait an entire year before moving into marriage. Had she really been raped, why would she need a full year to get over his death? With Don Giovanni dead, she had conviction to get over him before committing to the marriage.The final piece of evidence that suppor ts Don Giovanni being innocent of the sexual assault accusation is the fact that thither were no witnesses. A woman of that degree would have people around who could help her if she was really being raped. But, there were no witnesses or servants around during her time of need. In order for Don Giovanni to be charged and convicted, there has to be witnesses who are able to give supporting details on Donna Anna being raped. With there no being any witnesses who saw the sexual assault, there cannot be a prosecution to convict Don Giovanni. Now people are overtaking to talk about Don Giovanni going to stone.This argument is not valid because Dog Giovanni did kill The Commendatore and that could be a reason for going to hell. Claiming the Don Giovanni went to hell for the sexual assault is a shocking thing to say, considering the other evil deeds he participated. Using this counterargument, he is not responsible because one cannot simply say this or that directly sent Don Giovanni to hell. The next counterargument is that people might say Donna Anna did get raped. But, why was she screaming coming out from the gap scene? If she actually was raped by Don Giovanni, she should have been screaming during the assault.If she was getting raped, why wasnt she screaming, fighting, or trying to get away? You cant conclude from the scene from the beginning of the show that she was raped. There is no possible way a counter argument of Donna Anna reacting to the rape would hold up in a court. In the end, Don Giovanna is innocent of the sexual accusation by Donna Anna. He may be a bad person, but he has a history of being able to get with women without really putting fourth effort. Just because he likes his women doesnt mean he rapes them. Don Giovanna did not commit the sexual assault that he was accused of.

Rock and elaborate spectacle

Editors of Rolling Stone later summarized, Rock n roll has always been a dog and sometimes vulgar music, with plenty of things for its critics non to like. (Fore 199996). There is no doubt ab expose it. Rock and elaborate spectacle were meant to be to get inher Like chocolate and wild roses on Valentines Day however more dysfunctional (where the roses are tattoos and the chocolate gets to be licked off someone). From Elvis swiveling hips to Jimi Hendrix making love to and then sacrificing his guitar (to whatever) by ground it on fire and smashing the hell out of it to KISS and their incredible costumes and make-up to Prince and his ass-cheeks-cut-out pants to etc. All part of the random theatrics enthralled fans run from the arguing show. The more aid you can get, the better your chances of becoming a rock star. Wel summon to the field of glam rock.We just get out there and rock. If your international ampere blows or yourguitar packs it in, smash it up and pick up an new(p renominal) one. And thats how it always was with us. We cant even stop and tune up. Those kids are all wound up. A sanction or two is too much for them. Theyve gotta have it.-AC/DC guitarist Angus Young (Friedlander 1996232)The simplest, most recognizable used form ofrock spectacle is, of course, the ravaging of thousands of dollars worth of instruments and sound equipment for the pure sake of breaking or blowing shit up (although in some instances, as in the case of Jimi Hendrix, it is a char cultivateer of respect). No one is receivedly sure who first started this phenomenon (actually no one can agree) but rock fans have seen this act about a one million million times everywhere, still remaining shocked and amused by the simplicity and perverse beauty of it. In fact, many people believe that you have not truly earned the title Rock Star until you have broken some piece of equipment in front of a live audience elevating the act to not only a way to satisfy the spectators crav ing for damage but also to initiateyourself into a select few. And why not sleep together thehell out of a five thousand dollar guitar or nail all the furniture in your hotel room to the ceiling? You can suffer it Furthermore, as a rock star you are expected to be wild and do the things the average fan could only dream of doing.However, breaking guitars was only the beginning of rocks more aggressive attempts to shock the audience. While the act is still pretty cool to witness, by the 70s, rockers were ready to shock the hell out of you instead of just make you jump.Which leads us into make-up, hair, costume and the adoption of an outer-worldly persona.Absent were the flower children and euphoria of psychoactive enlightenment, replaced by personal narratives of heroin addiction, ghetto drug connections, and intimate perversity. These shocking explorations of self-destructive behavior tested societys cultural sensibilities they also didnt have much of an impact on the rock/pop main stream. (Friedlander 1996250)The first band to come to mind when 70s rock, make-up, and costumes collaborate are the Knights In SatansService, or more commonly known by their abbreviationKISS. KISS, like many glam rockers, performed to huge stadium audiences. They had to be larger than life to get the attention of all the people in the middle and back rows as well as the front. Furthermore, their personas were highly marketable (From t-shirts to nonsensical books to action figures, etc.). Despite their name and appearance though, their songs such as Rock an Roll All Night, Detroit Rock City, Calling Dr. Love, were domesticise compared to the likes of Iggy Pop or David Bowie.David Bowies The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust (1972) carries advice on the back cover TO BE PLAYED AT MAXIMUM VOLUME. (Gracyk 1996100). The epitome of androgyny, Ziggy Stardust was Bowies first persona, an intergalactic rock star, with orange hair, make-up, and futuristic costumes, trying to save the world b ut doomed to fail (Campbell 1999196). As with all his personas, the music on the album served to complete his swarthy character. Fans could probably guess that Gene, Paul, Ace, Peter, Eric, and Vinnie of KISS did not walk around all day in their outfits but Bowie could play his part so well that it was saturated to tell whether or not he was only trying to bethe most outrageous or if he was like that in the real world too. As we approach the 8os, the country is literally laughing, dancing, jogging and dressing up again. We have entered The Glitter Era. -John Davidson (Calder 1992274)Androgyny became a trend in 70s rock that held over into 80s rock. It was the ultimate way to shock your audience and make a statement. In the 70s there was of course, Bowie, Marc Bolan, Freddy Mercury, and the immensely popular Rocky Horror Picture Show featuring everyones deary transvestite from the planet Transexual in the galaxy of Transylvania, Dr. Frank N. Furter. The 80s brought in Prince, Boy George, Grace Jones, and sometimes Madonna. All challenging societys set gender roles. why androgyny though? Many say that rock music itself, while still predominantly performed by males, is an androgynous form of music because it combines all other forms of music considered male or female. Others maintain that the trend was in response to the sexual revolution.Though these rock shockers succeed in gettingthe attention they so adamantly strive for, the mostsuccessful rock stars had always been presented as real people. The illusion that we could know the real Elvis, McCartney, or even the real Monkees was fostered by such superficial means as fan magazine interviews or facts onthe back of bubble-gum cards, but it was also implicit in Elviss instancy on his own style of recording the songs of others, and explicit in those performers who wrote their own songs. (Shumway 1992131) Still, the diversity and color that glam rockers add to the spectrum is not something to discourage. Many f ans strive on the fact that their heroes are super heroes, gods and goddesses with fantastical powers who they can fantasize about being. Who wants to be a real person all the time anyway? We get to be that everyday.

High School Speech Materialism and Money

We Have change state largely materialistic as a society. Nowadays the size of your income is the point that defines you and happiness is the current Ipod. Now just take a moment to consider. What was it that made you happy as a toddler? Was it that you had the latest Pumpkin patch fashions? Or perchance it was that your parents earnt more than your best friends parents? No it was simply the love and affection of your parents, a sense of achievement when you achieved something and the companionship of people your own age. You see, I think those toddlers are onto a good thing.I believe that we as the young people of clean Zealand place far to overmuch emphasis on the importance of currency. If you think about it, all that property causes is bad things Debt, kindred problems, and inter-class prejudice. Money has such a strong influence over our lives, so much so that it often causes relationship problems. Many couples have put relationship problems down to monetary problems. De bt and lack of income place major financial stresses on people. As a result their relationships with friends and sexual partners suffer. This can often lead to interior(prenominal) violence, alcoholism and abuse.Recently a lot was conducted by a New Zealand relationship service. This survey revealed that 41% of couples experiencing relationship problems blamed their financial issues. A representative from the National relationship service declared that the groups of people most susceptible to domestic violence were young couples experiencing relationship troubles. Weve all seen the massive controversy in the media about Slumdog millionaire Actress, Rubina Alis father tries to sell her. If money were such a lustrous thing why it was the very reason for a father trying to sell his daughter?His very own flesh and blood? Breaking up a whole family. I believe that if we were to place less importance on money so many relationships would benefit greatly. Debt is a major attack into pe oples everyday lives. Debt is becoming a far more predominant issue. This is because a lot of the younger generations are un educated about the consequences of utilize credit and eftpos cards. They are also unaware of how to keep their accounts under control. Debt has become more of an issue in recent years with the introduction of electronic devices. mention cards now allow people to spend heir money in advance meanwhile they are charged large amounts of interest. Because they are unavailing to physically spend their money people are often fooled into spending large amounts of money. This is essentially a loan. The credit companies then charge the customer high up interest rates and by the time the customer pays-off this debt they have paid almost twice the amount for an item in order to use their money in advance. The amount of debt an average New Zealander racks up is increasing. Take for example, a survey carried out by the Reserve bank of New Zealand in 2001.This survey sta ted that the average amount of debt as a New Zealander had increased by 10% over the ten year period since 1991 This is a trail cause for depression and mental illness. I believe that if proper education about money was given and the use of technology with money was reduced then money would become less of an intrusion into our everyday lives. Money encourages discrimination and prejudice. Society is quite distinctly split into different classes. These classes are majorly influenced by, Yes you guessed it, Money.Why should soulfulness be any less of a person just because they have a smaller income than the next person? The universal declaration of human reforms declares that each person is entitled to certain things. Sadly are unable to access such things as they have a small income. Many low income families descry that they are frowned upon by the Upper classes. One such person, a student, was mocked and taunted by her peers as her family had to carry out a paper run to help en dure their family. As ashamed as I am to say it I stood back and watched while such blatant discrimination was taking place right in front of me.This is just one example of inner-class prejudice. The government also shows prejudice towards different classes by providing subsidies for health care and other go. Families qualify for these benefits by being under a certain income. Often families with incomes just slightly above the qualification standard often struggle to pay for such services but receive no subsidy. To qualify for a community services card a family must have a combined income of less than seventy thousand dollars per annum. A family earning seventy two thousand dollars per annum had a child that became critically ill.Because their income was two thousand dollars higher than the requirement this family received no financial help from the government and as a result they are now in major debt. I believe that inter class prejudice would become less of an issue and the lif estyle of many people would improve if less emphasis were put on money. So as the young people of New Zealand we need to take a stand and make a difference Lets stop our consumer society form being consumed We need to realize how the influence of money affects our relationships, emotions and attitudes towards others.

Coasts Revision Notes – AQA Geography

1. Spring and Neap Tides Spring vs. Neap TidesSpring tides occur when the Earth, Sun and the Moon ar all more or less in the same line. This causes the highest tidal range due to the strongest gravitational pulls with the high tides being the largest and the low tides being the smallest.Neap tides occur when the Earth, Sun and Moon are at 90 degrees which causes the gravitational pull to be less effective. This produces the lowest tidal range of tides.1. Coastal TransportLong shore drift transports cloth along the coast. In the UK, the prevailing wind blows from the South West causing the quakes to approach the southern coast at an angle of 45 degrees. Therefore tangible moves from the west to the east.The swash of the wave carries the material up to the beach at this angle. The fanny load is moved along by rolling by handle however pebbles are lifted and bounced along the floor in a leap frog action this is saltation. Lighter material is carried by suspension (such as grains of sand) and weak acids (e.g. carbonic acid from precipitation) may act on soluble rocks (carbonate rocks e.g. limestone) and move the material in solution.The backwash carries the material at 90 degrees- causing a zig-zag motion. Groynes may be in place to reduce this however they can be expensive (around 5,000 per groyne and are unasthecially pleasing) yet they do maw the sand.1. Headland FormationHeadland formation occurs when the bands rock type run perpendicular to the coast this is known as a discordant coastline. The coast has alter bands of resistant (hard) and less resistant (soft) rock these types of rocks erode at different rates.The less resistant rock are eroded at a red-hot rate (through the processes of hydraulic action, abrasion and corrosion) and the more resistant rock erodes at a slower rate and protrudes out into the sea.Wave RefractionNow the forefront is protruding out into the sea, this receives high energy waves. When the waves hit the coastline, they are refracted and they tend to bend round the headland, into lower energy waves. These waves then deposit sediment and beaches at last build up.Case Study Purbeck coast, Dorset. The Eastern side is discordant.Headland The foreland Purbeck Coast, Dorest. Geology Chalk ( do millions of years ago from Coccoliths). This headland is 1.3km wide.Bay Swanage Bay made from Wealden & Purbeck bed clays. This bay is 2.5 km wide.1. Causes of falling off collapseCoastal Reasons* When waves head towards the coastline and the sea gets shallower, friction in the bed slows the bottom of the waves and make them more elliptical. The crest of the wave rises and then it collapses.* Destructive waves are high frequency, and are high and deep. They are around 10-14 waves per minute and their strong backwash removes material.* The waves break at the base of the decrease where the wave energy is concentrated.* This part of the cliff experiences rapid erosion thorough abrasion, where material carried by the waves (eg rocks) are hurled against it. Also, H.A where the pressure of the air in the cracks from the water pinch and release which erodes it.* This forms a wave cut notch* Over time, under the force of gravity, the mass above the wave cut notch cannot hold and collapses.* This processes of collapsing continues and the cliff retreats back.* This then leaves behind a wave cut platform that is no more than 5 degrees at the Low Water Mark.* As the platform gets longer, the waves entertain to reach further and many dissipate reducing the rate of erosion.* Sub Arial processes erode the platform such as paddock and seaweed.* Case Study Broad judicatory Dorset, cliff is mixture of clay and shale (headlands made of Portland stone). Extension is 200m of platform, height of cliff is 20 m. Part of Jurassic coast world heritage site.Sub-Arial* Not straightaway linked to sea, but from land* Freeze Thaw When the diurnal range is around 0 dregrees Scottish Highlands Water expands b y around 9%. Fluccutations in pressure fragments of rock may break off.* Biological Rabbits may burrow into the cliff and piddocks may also weaken the rock which may remove nearly of the rock.* Chemical weathering, CO2 found in rainwater may form carbonic acid when it rains attacks the calcium carbonate such as in limestone. push-down stack Movement* Slumping Rainfall infiltrates the soil, making it heaver.* The material moves downhill, leaving a exposed scarp face* Case Study Holbeck Hall, Scarborough.* 1993 dry weather cracked the clay. This made the rock impermeable due to hot dry conditions* Next two months 140mm of rain fell (prolonged rainfall)* This then therefore infiltrated the soft rock above, but greased the clay.* On 3rd of June the land was slipping into sea at 3m per hour. Collapse of hotel. Rest of hotel had to be demolished and they owners sued the authority breach of its duty and care.

Government Intervention in Venezuela’s Economy

Economic Commentary_1 The article How can Venezuela be so rich in resources, but so low in supplies? By Douglas French/April 24, 2012 http//www. csmonitor. com/Business/The-Circle-Bastiat/2012/0424/How-can-Venezuela-be-so-rich-in-resources-but-so-low-in-supplies To what extend do a countrys natural resources explain whether consumer goods are on the nations shelves for masses to buy. Venezuela is a prime example of this question.This is a country having abundant natural resources for it is one of the worlds top oil producers and rich in favourable and other minerals, also the rich soil and temperate climate allow the country for productive agriculture. However, there are shortages of staple products like milk, meat and opus paper. This commentary focuses on the main reason causing this problem in Venezuela that is over hinderance of the government activity towards the free foodstuff. In order to maintain the take of consumer tolls, the president of Venezuela imposed price con trols by setting the price ceilings.Government officials claim companies cause shortages on purpose, holding products off the market to push up prices. This month, the government required price cuts on fruit juice, toothpaste, disposable diapers and more than a dozen other products. However, bad consequences of the price ceilings set by the government were needed in terms of shortages in supply, decreased market size, elimination of allocative efficiency and black markets. In figure1. 1, the original market balance wheel price under the intervention of free market is at Pe where the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are equal.After intervention of the central government, a binding price ceiling is set and the new market price is created at Pmax where the quantity supplied is much lower than quantity demanded. The artificially low price has caused more demand for the product, thus creating a movement from Qe on the demand curve to Qd. At the same time, producers cut pro duction in response to the lower price, moving down along the supply curve from Qe to Qs. The outdistance between Qd and Qs shows a shortage of the good in supply.Because of this, now residents in Caracas are forced to rely on the once-a-week deliveries made to government-subsidized stores. Moreover, as figure1. 2 suggests, the gap between Qs and Qd creates a tension in the market. At Qs there are many consumers who would be ordaining to pay more than Pmax if Qs is on the market. These consumers whitethorn have a strong incentive to gain the goods and services they want on the black market. As a result, the supply curve will bring right up at Qs and the price will raise right up at that point high on the demand curve.This shows that some price ceilings may actually drive the price higher than the original equilibrium and can be just applied to the case of Venezuela. Also, setting a upper limit price lower than the market equilibrium price will result in a decreased market size as some of the companies will be driven out of the market. The government setting prices are too low for companies to make money so they either curtail production or stop all together. As shown in figure 2. 1, initially the producer surplus of the cloistered companies, in terms of profit, derived by firms is shown as the area from the initial market price course of instruction to the supply curve.After price controls by the government, now the new producer surplus is shown as the area from the new price line to the supply curve which is smaller than before and this reflects a lower producer surplus, therefore a welfare loss in the society. In addition, the price ceilings ward off an allocative efficiency in the countrys economy in a competitive market as it can nevertheless be achieved when the society produces adequacy of a good so that the marginal benefits is equal to the marginal, in other words, producer supply and consumer demand meet at a market equilibrium price.Due to in tervention of the government, price controls disenable society to get goods and services it wants most. As Times mentions, some of the shortages are in industries, like dairy and coffee, where the government has seized semiprivate companies and is now running them, saying it is in the national interest. But the consequence of this action is that the government will turn the markets into monopolies as there would be only state ownership in these industries, so there are no competitions between various firms and consumers will not be able to acquire substitutes in the markets.Whats more, while these industries are being completely controlled by the central planner and create state ownership of the factors of production in addition to the subscribe to of Venezuela socialist government, it will result in the lack of individual property rights and incentive to achieve maximum efficiency in the use of resources which characterize private ownership. To conclude, Venezuela is a typically very rich in resources but very low in supplies, price controls in the markets as well as

Racial disparity Essay

Prevalence of racial disparity in the criminal justice organisation is most troubling and critical problem for criminal justice executives as it directly affects the people. The safety and liberty of American people depend on integrity of American justice system but racial discrimination in the criminal justice system impairs this integrity, which in turn harms American people directly. So this is the most critical dilemma facing the criminal justice system managers at present.The causes of this racial discrimination are both subtle and intricate and are not easy to locate. However it is obvious that fault does not falsehood with American criminal laws but these are implemented in a manner that is substantially and pervasively biased. Certain factors external to American criminal laws identical personal discretion, natural proclivity and mental approach of the people that responsible to implement these laws, also collaborate rendering distortion of these laws.This institutional ma terialization of racial discrimination in the justice system is the most critical people predicament facing mangers of American criminal justice system. Although certain legal sort out has been suggested by various sector but past history manifests that criminal justice manager cannot simply legislate to put an end to this problem. Some cover measure should be undertaken by criminal justice manager to solve this problem rather than redefining criminal justice system.

We should embrace nihilism for growth in understanding

nihilism is the belief that all values atomic number 18 baseless and that nothing puke be kn aver or communicated. It is often associated with primitive pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns initiation. A true nihilist would believe in nothing, cave in no loyalties and no purpose other than, perhaps, an impulse to destroy (http//www.iep.utm.edu/n/nihilism.htm). In a nihilist perspective, there argon no beliefs in dogma, religion and other socially withdraw almosted norms and standards. Nihilists question the impersonate of universally made way of thinking and that there is nothing real in this terra firma.SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION friendly constructs are institutionalized entity or artif dallys in a social system, invented or constructed by participants in a token culture or society that exist because batch agree to be convey as if it exist, or agree to follow certain conventional rules, or behave as if such(prenominal) agreement or rules existed (wikipedia.org). n eighborly constructs are created entities in which community or groups of people perceived them to be true. Social constructs are perceived realities that are put into a convention to be turned into social beliefs.Some examples of social constructs are religion, morality, sexuality, class and gentle creationy more. These social constructs play a major role in peoples daily lives. Social constructs became an integral part of peoples daily lives. These became inevitable realities of their existence. Basically, how people tour are based on social constructions. Social constructions dictate the ein rectitudeday lives of people. Social constructs determine how people will act and what their pattern of actions is. These social constructs are the perceived rightness of actions in a particular given situation. thitherfore, peoples lives are controlled and move by social constructs.Social constructs evolve and changes as clock pass by. It depends on the richness of thought of hu man org anisms. The heads of human beings are very rich and salutary of possibilities. People have the capability of evolving one system of thought into another. A particular social construct is not permanent and will not last forever because it only depends on the people who were the ones who constructed them. Social constructs are dynamic because the minds of people are also dynamic. What most people are experiencing now whitethorn just become a history of tomorrow.THE WORLD AS A REALM OF MEANING AND rout out BE DISCLOSED BY NIHILISMFor Heidegger, he viewed the world as a realm of meanings and possibilities. These possibilities are for Da-sein to date and the meanings are for Da-sein to assimilate. This world for Heidegger is where the Da-sein is situated and part of the facticities given to the Da-sein. This world is for the Da-sein to discover and understand. The world gives meaning to the existence of man and man is to exhaust these meanings or possibilities. Hence, the world is wh ere the Da-sein interacts and for him to assimilate.This word aletheia describes the world for Heidegger. Aletheia means revelation and natural covering which constitutes the worlds disclosedness to man. The world is the realm of meanings for man that man is always in constant assimilation. horizontal if it reveals itself to man, it also conceals something to man and that the task of man to assimilate and understand is a never-ending task and that Heidegger called man as always al hold understanding the world.The word always signifies the infinity of understanding that man is task to reveal the world, the never-ending task of correlation and understanding. Man as Da-sein is the very nature and process of man as a being who is thrown into this world. Da means there and sein means being. Da-sein is desolation to the world and the readiness of man to exhaust and assimilate. Da-sein is the there of being of man, the very thrown ness of man into a particular context. To understand m ore of man as Da-sein, we will tackle on the come through parts the functions of being a Da-sein.According to the great Heidegger, attunement is mans mood or state of mind in which affects his perception of rightfulness. He viewed man as always in the mood and is always ready to understand reality. Man as being thrown into this world, attunement is already embedded in his being. This attunement as already embedded in the being of man girds man to understand. Given the facticity of Da-sein as being-in-a-world, he is always in the mood to seize reality or to be cognizant of reality and thus constituting mans openness to the world. Da-sein as the there of being is always situated in the world thus, a temporary being.This situated ness of man gives him ample opportunity to correlate with the world and to fulfill his very nature as an understanding being who is already attuned to do so. Man becomes conscious(p) by virtue of interaction, which is the very process of understanding fo r Heidegger. To correlate with the world is to exhaust its possibilities, to assimilate its meaning. Through interaction, man becomes conscious of reality, becomes conscious of meaning. Reality is already in the realm of meanings, which constitutes the world, and it is only for man that he stomach be conscious of and that is by virtue of correlating with the world.To question dogma and religion and other social constructs nominate be a tool for better understanding of reality. As discussed, Heidegger emphasized that man green goddess slow reveal the reality of beings by correlating with the world which is the world of meaning and possibilities. The world has its own meaning. The nihilistic view in its becoming use, such as not totally for destruction but of finding the truth behind the world, it can open mans eye to the real meaning of this world. Man as Da-sein in being a nihilist can be able to arrive at a better truth regarding the world. The world still has a lot to give in mans understanding of it that is wherefore dogmas and principles of today must be questioned because it is still not in its absolute state.NIHILISM AS A irradiation TO A BETTER UNDERSTANING OF REALITYMans life is full of socially constructed norms and beliefs that are the ones dictating what he ought to do and act. There is religion that dictates morality and there is government that dictates who are enemies and not such as who are terrorists and not terrorists. A society is comprised of many ideas and perspectives that battles to gain monopoly. Man is put in the center of contrasting views.With the experience of nihilism, there came an opportunity to arrive in a truth wherein wrong dogma and beliefs can be erased and replaced with better ones. Nihilism can give good effects if not put in its extreme nature of destruction. Questioning beliefs and dogma is a healthy process to undertake. Through sceptical, man can slowly reveal to himself the true essence of his existence. Quest ioning must also not be intertwined with destruction because it can be a truly great means for development and better understanding.I hope to bring some balance and clarity to a number of realities that seem to attract a great manus of misunderstanding 1 the very serious issues of violence in Islam including recent Muslim violence 2 the abhorrence that many Muslims have of violence stereotypes of Islam and Muslims as inherently violent and 4 the larger context of violence in our world not just the Muslim world, much of which is woven into the fabric of our society in such a way that we may not even regard it as our own violence (Hussain, 2006). The misunderstandings such as tone as a Muslim to be violent can be corrected by the nihilist perspective. People can arrive to a certain truth that not all Muslims are violent and stereotyping can be erased.NIHILISM AS A TOOL TO END CHAOS AND VIOLENCE IN THIS WORLDThe chaotic world is brought about by the differences in beliefs and norms a nd even in the practices of different religions. These are products of social constructions. With different beliefs and principles and with the devotion to such beliefs and principles, it brings chaos and even to violence. People seem to impose their own beliefs to other people which also have their own set of beliefs. By imposing ones beliefs, it creates an atmosphere of competition that gives tensions and chaos to this world.Nihilism can be a tool to end all chaos and find peace in this world. People, in there different perspectives, can look at the common ground of their different beliefs. To question their own beliefs is a healthy process and even comparing their own beliefs to others is also a healthy process. This is an act of nihilism. People will not destroy their principles and beliefs but rather, developing it to be better set of beliefs and principles. nonpareil example can be seen in the realm of religion where we can see differences but looking at the greater reality o f it, there are much more similarities that can be utilise in arriving to a better belief, a belief that can be bannered by all people from different contexts. Even the difference of science and religion, if nihilistic perspective can be used in a proper way of dialectics and questioning, people may arrive at a certain truth that science and religion has its common ground and that one will not be an opposition of the other.CONCLUSIONThe world is a realm of meaning and possibilities and is plague with socially constructed beliefs and principles. With the birth of nihilism, which is a perspective that most of a time attributed to destruction, the world may find better understanding in its hand. By the method of questioning which is a healthy process, people can arrive to better understanding of reality and the very principles and beliefs that they believe. Therefore, we should cover nihilism.BIBLIOGRAPHYBogossian, Paul. What is Social Construction. 03 Mar. 2007Heidegger, Martin. The Question of Being. New Haven (Conn) College and University Press 1958.Hussain, Amir. Oil and Water Two Faiths One God. Pilgrim Pr, 2006.Nishitani, Keiji. worship and Nothingness. University of California press, 1983.http//www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/H5https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionism

Cari’s Story Essay

An infection in Caris nasal passage and pharynx can imbue to her sinuses because her sinuses open into the nasal cavity and the throat. The cough reflex makes a coughing response to the larynx, pharynx, and the trachea-bronchial tree. Caris respiratory system is clearing her lungs the cilia moving the mucus from the lungs and it starts the cough reflex sending mucus to the pharynx whence you are able to swallow it or spit it out. The structure found in the terminal bronicoles and alveoli that would commonly protect Caris lungs from infectious pathogens are called macrophages. The mucous in the lungs would raise the resistance in her stock way because the small opening, the buildup would cause. Fluid would have some alveoli drown where they could not function and would buildup friction or rubbing. Caris compliance would increase because of the loss of volume reduces fit lung compliance and cause it to work harder. The runny would lower her total lung capacity by not letting the space by not allowing it to be filled with air.The elevation cause her respiratory rate to alter her ventilation by the volume is total volume of air taken in and out each minute. Cari blood gases would show too frequently oxygen. The symptoms of panting like a dog and my chest hurts are what make me think she is low in oxygen. The oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is affected by POC 2 and alkaline blood gases are galvanic pile and the breathing has delivered more oxygen is released from blood and caused more oxygen to be used. The administration of oxygen would booster her to breath. The anatomical structures in her respiratory system involved are the lungs and the alveoli. Cari was plagued with a chronic cough ascribable to excessive mucus produced that doesnt clear. The damaging effects of tobacco smoke because Cari respiratory system to be impaired is nicotine, nicotine make the bronchioles smaller and decreases.

Business plan on milk company Essay

India is a state declargond backward atomic number 18a and is eligible for various Fiscal incentives. In kuvadva, the land is cheaply and easily. Here, taxation is too less. separate favourable reasons for the selection to this particular location be as under 1. bleak squargon Sufficient raw materials like Milk, Flavour, Water, etc. , are easily purchasable. 2. Market From the marketing point of view, we take a crap a salutary and encouraging market for our crossway. There is a good demand available for Flavoured Milk. 3. fag out We draw got stable labour force and right type of labour in suitable rime at reasonable wage rates.4. Transportation Being Rajkot a big city, we idler easily involve availed the transportation facilities. 5. Availability of Infra- Structure facilities All infra structural facilities like wet, electricity, telephone, etc. are rattling easily available. 6. different facilities opposite large number of facilities can be available at this organise such as subsidy, loans at cheaper rate, etc. PRODUCT INTRODUCTION AND MARKET summary dairy turn at ecstasytion is of crucial greatness to India. The country is the worlds largest draw producer, compositioning for much than 13% of worlds broad(a) take out work.It is the worlds largest consumer of dairy products, consuming almost ampere-second% of its own take out production. dairy products are a major source of cheap and nutritious food to millions of people in India and the only if acceptable source of animal protein for large vegetarian segment of Indian commonwealth, particularly among the landless, sm alone and marginal farmers and women. dairying has been considered as one of the activities aimed at eithereviating the poverty and unemployment especi entirelyy in the rural areas in the rain-fed and drought-prone regions.In India, close to three-fourth of the creation live in rural areas and about 38% of them are poor. The progress in this heavens le ave result in a more than balanced festering of the rural eco nary(prenominal)prenominal)y. The importance of take out in human diet especi eithery for children and expectant and nursing matters is full of lifetime. To meet the demand of the increasing population take out production in India has to be increased. It is neither possible nor desirable to increase the cattle and buffalo population to achieve this target.This can only be achieved by stepping up draw production of our bovid population by cross breeding of awe and use of improved overawe and cow. Today, dairy cows are specialized to produce large volumes of milk. Specialist scale dairy farming is only workable where either a large amount of milk is required. Uses & Applications of Milk The term milk refers to a mingled mixture secreted by the healthy mammary glands containing plump down, proteins and carbohydrates along with minerals and vitamins in the form of emulsion, colloidal suspension and lawful solution respectively in the continuous phase of water.In the other words milk whitethorn be defined as an emulsion of fat in a watery solution of clams and mineral salts and with protein in a colloidal suspension. On storage of milk at some more temperature for some beat, the acidity found increased to some extent and this increased acidity is known as modernizeed acidity. Milk is used as a food, Used as a complete food of infant, It is used to prepare curd, butter, ghee, cream and ice cream etc. , Milk is used in all in all homes, It is used in hotels and restaurants as milk food preparation and in the preparation of tea.Market passel India is the worlds largest producer of dairy products by volume, accounting for more than 13% of worlds total milk production, and it in addition has the worlds largest dairy herd. The Indian Dairy sector acquired significant demonstrate momentum from 9th Plan onwards, achieving an annual output of 121. 8 (estimated) million tons of milk during 20 10-11. This has non only placed the country on outperform in the world, but also represents sustained growth in the availability of milk and milk products for the growing population. The market is currently growing at bombastic 5% pa in volume terms.There is an impressive level of processing i. e. 22% in organized sector. Major players in the dairy sector with dairy products include Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing federation (GCMMF) and Nestle are the largest player. Other includes Milk food Limited, SmithKline Beecham Limited, Indodan Industries Limited, H. J. Heinz Limited, Britannia, Cadbury, etc. All other local dairy cooperatives have their local brands (For e. g. Gokul, Warana in Maharashtra, Saras in Rajasthan, Verka in Punjab, Vijaya in Andhra Pradesh, Aavin in Tamil Nadu, etc. ).Other common soldier players include J K Dairy, Heritage Foods, Indiana Dairy, Dairy Specialties, etc. SOURCE OF fresh textile The one and only raw material on which the dairy plant hunt downs is MILK. And as Gujarat has abundant livestock especially buffalos availability of the raw material is not a personal credit line here. Fig. 1 Lower level or primary level milk producers co operative make a array of milk from member producers. Members producers are farmer owing cows of buffalos. They bring milk to primary level societies. The collection of milk through members producers standing in queue.An account of every member producer is maintained which contains the details regarding the fat content, quality and quantity of goods, time of collection and the payments due or outstanding. In case of quality of the co operative must be full of life so as to neglect. The collection of source milk and substandard milk. For pricing collected milk importance is given to quality. The milks prices are based on FAT and SNF. I. e. sold non-fat contents. It needs to consider the bacteria population in the milk for raw material paying milk price. Payment is done on quotidian o r monthly bases depending upon co operative policy and members preference.This milk is proportionately distributed and brought to milk processing plant. MACHINERIES 1. PASTEURIZER Fig. 2 The pasteurizer consists of plate heat exchanger, balance tank, pump, hot water circulation system (including mixer of steam and water, hot water pump, steam adjusting valve and water level control) and computer system for pasteurisation program, CIP program, and temperature control. It is used in heating and cooling raw material. The pasteurizer is usually used in the process of milk, ice-cream, milk powder, fruit juice, and beverage, which is sensitive to heat.The material is wield to the plate heat exchanger, accordingly undergone preheating, keeping, heat energy recover and cooling, which can keep the products original natural nature and taste. If the temperature is below the set degree, this is consciousnessd by a temperature transmitter. A signal activates flow divagation valve and the material flows back to the balance tank, then the material is pasteurized again. The state of the pasteurization temperature is recorded on a disc of the recorder in process of pasteurization. 2. POLLY FILL MACHINE The Polly fill machine helps to post the milk into the achieves their bottles of various sizes.One such machine can pack ampere-second bottles of milk in one single minute. Fig. 3 PRODUCTION PROCESS Milk is processed through a process called pasteurization. In the process of pasteurization, the milk product is actually heated. The milk is heated in order to eat any bacteria that may be within the milk still. After the milk is pasteurized and all bacteria are killed off, the milk is then cooled and packaged and then shipped out to repositings. Diagram 1 Dairy cattle are brought in twice a day and milked. Fig. 4 The cattle on this farm are fitted with microchip collars that register each(prenominal) individual cow as she enters the milking shed.This microchip identifi cation allows the production figures to be collected & collated by computer for each cow. Each cow has its complete production for each location. Fig. 5 After milking, the milk is cooled and stored in preserve vats at four degrees Celsius until collected by the milk tanker. Milk is collected erst a day. The tanker driver carries out preliminary tests to the milk, checking its smell, taste and that it has been refrigerated to four degrees Celsius. The failure to store at less than four degrees Celsius can result in the milk being bought at a reduced price or not at all.It is extremely important that milk remains refrigerated at all times to maintain product freshness. Because milk is a nutritious food, any bacteria that are present in milk will grow and regurgitate rapidly, particularly if the milk is not refrigerated. Fig. 6Fig. 7 At the milk factory the milk is pumped into holding tanks where it is held until the results of tests that are routinely carried out are known. These tests include somatic cell counts, total plate count, butterfat destiny and protein percentage. The results of these tests help determine the price paid by the milk factory to the farmer. Fig. 8 PRODUCTION CAPACITY. dominance equipment30,000 TOTAL FIXED CAPITAL put over no. 10 Sr. No. Particulars count observe 1. Land37,00,000 2. Building17,50,000 3. Machinery and Equipment 9,35,000 4. piece of furniture 1,20,000 5. Office equipment 30,000 nitty-gritty65,35,000 TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL display panel no. 11 Sr. No. Particulars tot up Value ( 1 month) RsTotal Value ( 3 month) Rs 1. Raw hooeys9,08,00027,24,000 2. fee and Wages 50,100 1,50,300 3. Utilities 14,000 42,000 4. Other expenses 14,000 42,000 Total9,86,10029,58,300 TOTAL bell OF PROJECTTable no. 12 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value Rs. 1. Total Fixed Capital65,35,000 2. Total Working Capital ( For 3 Months)29,58,300.Total94,93,300 FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENT SOURCES OF FINANCETable no. 13 Sr. no. ParticularsAmount Rs. Total Amount Rs 1. Promoters Contribution (71. 91% of total Capital required)68,26,300 2. Borrowed Capital(28. 09% of total Capital required) 12% of GSFC (50% of borrowed Capital) 12% of IDBI (50% of borrowed Capital) 13,33,500 13,33,500 26,67,000 Total94,93,300 INTEREST ON CAPITALTable no. 14 Sr. no. ParticularsInterest RateTotal Value Rs. 1. GSFC impart12%1,60,020 2. IDBI Loan12%1,60,020 3. Own Contribution9%6,14,367 Total9,34,407 PROFITIBILTY OF THE PROJECT (PER MONTH) COST OF PRODUCTIONTable no. 15.Particularsinitiatory yr (60% Prod. Capacity)second year (80% Prod. Capacity)third year (100% Prod. Capacity) Variable comprise Raw material Wages Other expenses Utility 1,08,96,000 2,11,200 84,000 1,68,000 1,45,28,000 2,81,600 1,12,000 2,24,000 1,81,60,000 3,52,000 1,40,000 2,80,000 Total Variable Cost1,13,59,2001,51,45,6001,89,32,000 Fixed Cost Salary to Staff depreciation Total interest paid Other expenses (50% of Office & Admin. Expenses) 3,90,000 4,31,250 9,34,407 84,000 3,90,000 3,51,938 12 ,45,876 84,000 3,90,000 2,89,490 15,57,345 84,000 Total Fixed Cost32,76,657 32,89,73833,59,912 Total Cost1,46,35,8571,84,35,3382,22,91,912.COST SHEETTable no. 16 Particulars1st year2nd year3rd year Raw Material Consumed hatchway stock of R. M Add Purchase of R. M. Less finish stock of R. M. 1,08,96,000 1,45,28,000 1,81,60,000 Cost of Raw Material1,08,96,0001,45,28,0001,81,60,000 Add Direct return Utility Total2,11,200 1,68,000 3,79,2002,81,600 2,24,000 5,05,6003,52,000 2,80,000 6,32,000 Prime Cost1,12,75,2001,50,33,6001,87,92,000 Factory Overheads Repairs and maintenance Supervisor Production private instructor Depreciation on Building Depreciation on Machinery 18,000 72,000 84,000 1,75,000 2,33,750 21,000 72,000 84,000 1,57,500 1,75,312.24,000 72,000 84,000 1,41,750 1,31,484 Factory Cost5,82,7505,09,8124,53,234 administrative Expense SALARY TO bus A / C Clerk Peon Watchman Depreciation Interest on borrowed loan 84,000 36,000 18,000 8,400 12,000 22,500 3,20,040 84,000 36 ,000 18,000 8,400 12,000 18,825 2,74,320 84,000 36,000 18,000 8,400 12,000 16,256 2,28,600 Administrative Cost5,00,9404,51,5454,03,256 Cost of Production1,23,58,8901,59,94,9571,96,48,490 Add Op. stock of Finished goods Less Cl. Stock of Finished goods- 1,10,0311,10,031 1,35,0541,35,054 1,91,740 Cost of Goods Sold1,10,0312,45,0853,26,794 sales and dispersal expenses.Salary to Sales Manager Transportation Expenses Advertising & Publicity Expenses Sales Expenses 84,000 14,400 60,000 14,400 84,000 19,200 80,000 19,200 84,000 24,000 1,00,000 24,000 Total1,72,8002,02,4002,32,000 COST OF SALES1,24,21,6591,60,37,6421,97,43,284 SALES1,45,30,6441,94,85,1642,43,30,412 PROFIT21,08,98534,47,52245,87,128 RAW MATERIALTable no. 17 Sr. no. Raw materialQuantityRateTotal amount Rs. 1. Milk60,000 liters40 per liter2,40,000 2. Bottles1,60,0005 per bottle6,50,000 3. Bottle caps60 cartons(3000 caps each)300 per carton18,000 Total9,08,000 STAFF AND push SALARY AND WAGESTable no.18 Sr. No. ParticularsNo. of PersonTotal Value Rs. 1. Admin stave330,800 2. Skilled Worker49,000 3. uninstructed Worker810,300 Total 50,100 UTILITIESTable no. 19 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value Rs. 1. Power12000 2. Water2000 Total14000 INTEREST ON CAPITALTable no. 20 Sr. no. ParticularsInterest RateTotal Value Rs. 1. GSFC Loan12%1,60,020 2. IDBI Loan12%1,60,020 3. Own Contribution9%6,14,367 Total9,34,407 REPAYMENT OF BORROWED LOANTable no. 21 Particulars1st year2nd year3rd year4th year5th year6th year7th year Total Loan (26,67,000)26,67,00022,86,00019,05,00015,24,00011,43,0007,62,0003,81,000 LessInstallment3,81,0003,81,0003,81,0003,81,0003,81,0003,81,0003,81,000 determination Balance22,86,00019,05,00015,24,00011,43,0007,62,0003,81,000NIL Total Interest on Borrowed Loan 3,20,040 2,74,320 2,28,600 1,82,880 1,37,160 91,440 45,760 DEPRECIATION SCHEDULETable no. 22 Sr. No. Particulars1st year2nd year3rd year 1. Building (10%) Less Depreciation Closing Balance17,50,000 1,75,000 15,75,00015,75,000 1,57,500 14,17, 50014,17,500 1,41,750 12,75,750 2. Machinery (25%) Less Depreciation Closing Balance9,35,000 2,33,750 7,01,2507,01,250 1,75,313 5,25,9375,25,937 1,31,484 3,94,453 3. Furniture (15%) Less Depreciation Closing Balance1,20,000.18,000 1,02,0001,02,000 15,300 86,70086,700 13,005 73,695 4. Office and Equipment (15%) Less Depreciation Closing Balance30,000 4,500 25,50025,500 3,825 21,67521,675 3,251 18,424 OTHER EXPENSESTable no. 23 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value Rs. 1. Postage and stationery1000 2. Repair and Maintenance1500 3. Advertising and Publicity5000 4. Transport Charges1200 5. amends and Taxes2000 6. Sales Expenses1200 7. Telephone Expenses1500 8. Miscellaneous Expenditure600 Total14000 OPERATING STATEMENT Table no. 24 Particulars 60%80%100% Sales (A)1,45,30,6441,94,85,1642,43,30,412 Cost Of Production Raw Material Utility Wages Total Cost. gibe Opening Stock of Finished goods LESS Closing Stock of Finished goods Total Operating Cost (B) 1,08,96,000 1,68,000 2,11,200 1,12,75,200 1,10,031 1,11,65,169 1,45,28,000 2,24,000 2,81,600 1,50,33,600 1,10,031 1,35,054 1,50,08,577 1,81,60,000 2,80,000 3,52,000 1,87,92,000 1,35,054 1,91,740 1,87,35,314 GROSS PROFIT (A B = C) 33,65,475 44,76,587 55,95,098 Indirect Expense Other Expense (Fixed) (Variable) Salary to staff Depreciation Total Indirect expense (D) 84,000 84,000 3,90,000 4,31,250 24,85,750 84,000 1,12,000 3,90,000 3,51,938 22,09,412 84,000 1,40,000 3,90,000 2,41,295 19,90,762 EBIT (C D = E)8,79,72522,67,17536,04,336.Interest on own Capital Interest on Borrowed Loan Total Interest (F)6,14,367 3,20,040 9,34,407 6,14,367 4,26,720 10,41,087 6,14,367 5,33,400 11,47,767 EBT (E F = G)(-) 54,68212,26,08824,56,569 LESS Tax (40%)4,90,4359,82,628 EATNIL7,35,65314,73,941 RATIO ANALYSIS PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS RETURN ON INVESTEMENT = EBIT x 100 Total Capital Investment (For the 1st year) = 8, 79,725 x 100 53, 34,000 = 9. 27% (For the 2nd year)= 22, 67,175 X 100 94, 93,300 = 23. 88% (For the 3rd year)= 36, 04,336 X 100 9 4, 93,300 = 37. 97% COST OF CAPITAL= Int. on own capital + Int. on borrowed capital x 100 Capital employed.(For the 1st year)= 5, 60,070 x 100 53, 34,000 = 10. 50% (For the 2nd year)=8, 33,394 x 100 94, 93,300 =8. 78% (For the 3rd year)=7, 37,357 x 100 94, 93,300 =7. 77% GROSS PROFIT RATIO = Gross Profit x 100 Total Sales (For the 1st year)= 33, 65,475 x 100 1, 45, 30,644 = 29. 59% (For the 2nd year)=44, 76,587 x 100 1, 94, 85,167 =22. 97% (For the 3rd year)=55, 95,098 x 100 2, 43, 40,412 =23% NET PROFIT RATIO= Net Profit x 100 Total Sales (For the 1st year)= 14, 41,818 x 100 1, 45, 30,644 =9. 92% (For the 2nd year)=26, 49,962 x 100 1, 94, 85, 164 =13. 60% (For the 3rd year)=38, 48,641 x 100 2, 43, 30,412 =15. 82% BEP ANALYSIS.BEP (In Units) = Fixed Cost Contribution (For the 1st year)=32, 76,657 8. 73 = 3, 75,333 units (For the 2nd year)=32, 89,738 2. 15 =15, 30,111 units (For the 3rd year)=33, 59,912 8. 88 =3, 78,368 units BEP (In Rs. ) = BEP in Units x Selling Price (For the 1st year) = 3, 75,333 x 40 = 1, 50, 13,320 (For the 2nd year)=15, 30,111 x 40 =6, 12, 04,440 (For the 3rd year)=3, 78,368 x 40 =1, 51, 34,720 PROFIT & LOSS A/C Table no. 25 Particulars1st year2nd year3rd year Income Sales ADD Closing Stock Total of Income 1,45,30,644 1,10,031 1,16,40,675 1,94,85,164 1,35,054 1,96,20,218 2,43,30,412 1,91,740 2,45,22,152 Expenditure Opening Stock.ADD Purchase of R. M. Utility Wages Total of Expenditure 1,08,96,000 1,68,000 2,11,200 1,12,75,200 1,10,031 1,45,28,000 2,24,000 2,81,600 1,51,43,631 1,35,054 1,81,60,000 2,80,000 3,52,000 1,89,27,050 GROSS PROFIT33,65,47544,76,58755,95,098 Other Expense Other exp. (Fixed) (Variable) Salary Depreciation Int. on own Capital Int. on borrowed Capital Total 84,000 84,000 3,90,000 4,31,250 6,14,367 3,20,040 19,23,657 84,000 1,12,000 3,90,000 3,51,938 6,14,367 2,74,320 18,26,625 84,000 1,40,000 3,90,000 2,41,000 6,14,367 2,28,600 17,46,457 NET PBT14,41,81826,49,96238,48,641 equaliser SHEET (1st year) Table no. 26 Par ticularsAmount (Rs.)Amount (Rs. )Liabilities Promoters Capital Borrowed Loan IDBI 13,33,500 GSFC 13,33,500 Profit and loss A/C Total Liabilities 68,26,300 26,67,000 14,41,818 1,09,35,118 Assets Gross Block (Less Depreciation) debitor Cash on Hand Closing Stock Total Assets 24,03,750 18,85,336 65,36,001 1,10,031 1,09,35,118 BALANCE SHEET (2st year)Table no. 27 ParticularsAmount (Rs. )Amount (Rs. ) Liabilities Promoters Capital Borrowed Loan IDBI 13,33,500 GSFC 13,33,500 Profit and Loss A/C Total Liabilities 68,26,300 26,67,000 26,49,962 1,21,43,262 Assets Gross Block (Less Depreciation) Debtor Cash on Hand Closing Stock Total Assets 20,51,812.24,89,099 74,67,297 1,35,054 1,21,43,262 BALANCE SHEET (3st year)Table no. 28 ParticularsAmount (Rs. )Amount (Rs. ) Liabilities Promoters Capital Borrowed Loan IDBI 13,33,500 GSFC 13,33,500 Profit and Loss A/C Total Liabilities 68,26,300 26,67,000 38,48,641 1,33,41,941 Assets Gross Block (Less Depreciation) Debtor Cash on Hand Closing Stock To tal Assets 17,62,322 28,46,970 85,40,909 1,91,740 1,33,41,941 INTRODUCTION Lawrence Apply wrote, management is the development of the people and not the direction of things. Employees hold a key place in argument. No rail line enterprise can exist and function without employees.The plan of the business may be perfect and also structure of the organisation may be perfect but if the recruitment of personals is unscientific, the business cant gown. Milk common backbone pvt. Ltd. will enrich with technically sound and convicted man actor. The average age of the employees will be 23 years, their total appears will be 500, and their technical strength will be approximately 170, staff strength of the Dairy will be 110 and trainee workers will be approximately 230, Development and authorization is the trait of the H. R. D. functions. The trainer and workers get hostel facilities and other benefits. BATCHES AND FACILITIES.Milk sense will run 2 shifts and the employers are distributed to fulfil the requirement. 1st sift runs from 8. 00A. M to 8. 00 P. M 2ed sift runs from 8. 00P. M to 8. 00 A. M also these the employees will be given many an(prenominal) benefits like 1. Uniform change room 2. A good canteen facility 3. Bonus 4. Transportation Facilities etc. 1. Uniform change room In milk sense pvt. Ltd. Workers will be provided with a changing room because workers will have to work with a food product hence the milk should be pure and germ free for those workers will have to change their cloths sooner beginning their respective work. 2. Canteen Facility.One canteens functioning at site, where Breakfast / snacks are available in the morning hour and lunch from 1200p. m. To 230p. m. at fixed charges. Tea, coffee etc. will be served in the office two times in the morning hours and once in the afternoon. 3. Bonus During festival season and at time of high profits the company will give bonus to their workers and employees. 4. Transport facility The company provide s free bus services to commute and from all corners of Rajkot, kuvadva. TRAINING PROGRAMME AND WORKSHOP The Hosiery training centre Ahmedabad trains operating and maintenance of staff in the Dairy and food industries.Technical facilities at the institute were augmented during the year to meet the needs of co-operatives and private sector industries 260 participants attended various courses at the institute during the year. Milk senses personnel department will involve activities such as, To recruit and select the very best candidates available for each vacancy. Develop personal performance through improvement processes, which contributes to the overall growth of the employees and workers. To create effective, need based, future ready, negotiable salary and wages systems. To create and keep record of each employee and worker.SALARY AND QUALIFICATION Minimum Salary to the workers in the dairy is Rs. 100 per day besides this they are provided provident facility. They are given wage s as per the factory act. Qualification- All the employees of the milk sense pvt. Ltd. will have to get the capability of ITI or graduation. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Performance Appraisal is a system evaluation of a plant life performance and potential for development. The overall objective of performance official duties is importance the efficiency of an enterprise by attempting to mobilize the best possible efforts from individual employed in it.The salary reviews, the development and training of individuals, planning, job ration, each and every firm has its own method to evaluate this performance. In Our Company we also measure out the skills, ability, performance, important function of personnel management, which helps them to make important decision like training and development, advance, transfer etc. In a company the head prepares performance of any candidates confidential brood and it is presented to his highest authority. This report is managed to any candidate to transfe r, promotion etc.INTRODUCTION Marketing is a very critical function of any industries. To reach high profits. Every company has to handle its marketing function with care. As the whole world is bout in to a global market marketing function is acquiring more important in every company. The term marketing is changing in the word. If the market does a good job understanding Consumer need develops product that provide superior value and price distributes and promoters then officially According to E. W. cundiff and R. R.still, marketing management is concerned with the direction of purposeful activities towards the attainment of marketing goals. The radical goal of marketing is satisfaction of needs of customers and generation of revenue for the business purpose. ? GENERAL INFORMATION In MILK SENSE PVT. LTD. marketing will be a basic activity for the total business it is market which sells and distributes products to the people who need them at a place they want at a time they requir e and at a price, they are prepared to pay of late marketing department.Milk sense will have attracted the increasing attention from companies and nations because it provides good quality of product. Milk sense also provides adequacy quantity with the respect to price Density price channel of distribution etc. are all made on the basis of the information picked up from the market through constant & systematic research. trade MIX According to Ferrel, Lucas and Luck a product, with the target Market as focal point, serves as the starting point for the development of a marketing mix strategy and forms the basis for all other decisions regarding distribution, promotion and price.Decisions relating to the development and marketing of products include amongst others, decisions about product attributes, branding, packaging and labeling. Milk is classified as a consumer good rather than a business good. It can further be defined as a convenience good in that the customer is supposed to ha ve complete knowledge of the product before purchasing it, and because it is also purchased with minimum effort. It is important that milk, as a convenience good, be readily available when and where the consumer needs to purchase it. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLEThe declining inhalation of milk has become an international phenomenon. The consumption of soft drinks has tripled in this period, making them the most touristed beverage, musical composition milk is ranked fourth after coffee and tea. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT New product development should also take consumer trends into account, such as consumers of milk becoming more health conscious. Labels with fat free and cholesterol free are turning into the selling points of the future. Milk marketers are aware that consumers perceive milk as being fattening, so furiousness should be placed on giving customers the correct information.This is as easy as printing more information on the bottle labels. Low fat fresh milk is sold as containing 2 pe rcent fat, while full cream milk has merely 1 percent more fat than the 2 percent milk. There is an increasing need for more information to be printed on labels. An physical exercise of such a segment is the diabetic consumers. The diabetic market is untouched, while numbers of diabetic consumers are increasing. It is apparent that full cream milk is generally prohibited in most diet schedules, while skimmed milk may be consumed in limited quantities.It is important for dairy researchers and decision makers to check off that consumers are requiring more dietary information, and consumption may increase if details of the product are provided. advancement Most of the dairies selected for the study use a family packaging strategy, which means that all products in the range are almost identically packed or have an important packaging characteristic in common. Packaging, however, has many functions. The most important functions of packaging are to contain the liquid, promote milk and provide storage.Another function which is becoming increasingly important today, is the recyclability of the package used. Companies are becoming more environment friendly by using a recyclable package, which should result in less waste. Wholesalers and retailers prefer packages that are easy to ship, store and to pack. Consumers, however, look for items that are easy to handle, open and close. Towrope, for example, launched a screw top 1 liters bottle of milk. The consumer can therefore easily open or close this container, whilst freshness is maintained by preventing the milk from take up other odors. PRICEWhile one price for milk is for example set for all net consumers, different consumers attach different meanings to the price they pay for a product. The consumers aim is to spend his/her income in a way that will afford him/her maximum satisfaction. Most dairy companies have price margins in which to deal. Milk being a basic food, has a low profit margin of around ten to fifte en percent. The dairy industry probably has to familiarize the consumer with an acceptable price of milk, such as 40 RS. Per liters and maintain that price. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Indias dairy market is multi-layered.Its shaped like a benefit with the base made up of a vast market for low-cost milk. Consumers while purchasing dairy products look for freshness, quality, taste and texture, variety and convenience. Presently, barely 778 out of 3,700 cities and, towns are served by its milk distribution network, dispensing hygienically packed wholesome, quality pasteurized milk. According to one estimate, the packed milk segment would double in the next five years, giving both strength and volume to the modem sector. The narrow tip at the top is a small but affluent market for western type milk products.Of the three As of marketing Availability, Acceptability and Affordability, Indian dairying is already endowed with the first two. People in India love to drink milk. Hence, no efforts are needed to make it acceptable. Its availability is not a terminal point either, because of the ample scope for increasing milk production, given the prevailing low yields from dairy cattle. It leaves the third vital marketing factor affordability. How to make milk affordable for the large majority with limited purchasing power is essence of the challenge.One practical way is to pack milk in small quantities of 250 ml or less in polythene sachets. Already, the glass bottle for retailing milk has given way to single-use sachets which are more economical. Another viable alternative is to sell small quantities of milk powder in mini-sachets, adequate for two cups of tea or coffee. ADVERTISING As an entrepreneur in the milk industry milk sense first of will start its advertisement by providing free sample and giving advertisement in magazines and standard newspapers like TIMES OF INDIA.Fig. 9 An identified Sponsor can define advertising as a mass promotion of goods & services. As per many classical writer of management says strong Advertisement makes selling task half. After a little success Milk sense will adopt the same strategy but in rigorous manner. The product of milk sense will be published on very popular T. V channels like subject field Channels, Zee T. V. SONY , STAR PLUS etc. Generally T. V. channels are most popular and suitable medium of such advertisement. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL.The distribution of fresh milk, being a perishable product with a limited shelf life of about 3 days, needs careful planning. It is important that all milk packages have a sell-by date printed on the product. This is an indication to the customer of the products freshness. If milk is uniformly priced, many customers consider their choice of purchase by checking the shelf life of the milk. Shelf life has become an important product benefit, which is associated with freshness. As competitive pricing strategies may urge customers to look for other benefits besides price, bran ding and freshness become important.

The History of the Non-Commissioned Officer

OverviewThe origin of the non fit clear upicer (NCO) developed early in the countrys tarradiddle, actually before the country was a country. In the late 1700s the mean worried about their rights of liberty and property at the hands of the side monarchy. These advocates of the citizen-soldier called on free, adult men of property to respond to their sense of duty, to their sense of political obligation, by service for a period of cadence in the militia of their community. Thus military service, indeed, compulsory service in militias, was deemed appropriate under what has come to be cognise as the consent theory of government (Karsten, 2001).Fisher points to a difficulty in distinguishing between commissi hotshotd policemans and non commissi one(a)d officers. He claims that it wasnt until the early 1700s that a note of hand could be do. He argues that by the Revolutionary War period, great confidence was place on the position of the non-commissioned officer, including the pr omise of some financial rewards (as high as $80) to those who made it through each designated segment of service. However, in that respect was still an undertone of lower status of the NCO at this particular time in American history (Fisher, 2001).Unfortunately, not everyone felt the collect to serve his country in the face of all enemies. Many initiation essayists felt as if abandoning work to join in the military was an ir obligated action for husbands and sons alike. Even though the American Army had the money to pay 75,000 men in 1776, it never got a lot than than 37,500 to sign up at any one time (Karsten, 2001). Thus, the picture of the non-commissioned officer was less of a c oncerned and responsible citizen solder and more of a lazy, unfoc consumptiond, displaced laborer.Between 1820 and 1850 the organization and training of these men was loose and unorganized. The enrolled men met only once or twice a year for militia muster and drill as the law dictated. If one had t he common defense of the nation in mind when he came to view such musters, it was quickly dispelled as the day turned from muster to picnic to drunken brawl in rather too quick succession (Karsten, 2001).In addition to these men, the army also had a fair number of women. Like most armies, the Continental Army included women and even their children who followed the troops throughout the war, performing tasks that contri thated to the soldiers welfare (Rees, 1995). In 1777, Valley run had 400 women enlisted in its army. The number continued to rise and some units from areas closer to the coast had far more than average numbers of women (Rees, 1995).Training and DisciplineBlack describes training as learning war through war (Black, 2002). Training was principally poor or non-existent because it was very difficult to amass large numbers of people in one spot, and if they were amassed, they were close impossible to outfit with supplies and weapons due to the tack of transportation an d supporting infrastructure. The lack of training decreased the confidence of the men to fight in certain situations, especially in the open, so they often broke ranks and ran (Black, 2002)Others disagree Sheps and Pitcavage (1995) argue that the organization was as good as it could have possible been at that time in American history. These state organizations had extensive codes which regulated personnel selection, training, etc. These state organizations were hierarchical and geographical, sometimes electing officers and other times appointing them. Further subdivisions included brigades, regiments and companies. In some states officers were elected in others, they were appointed by the state. The entire state was usually organized into geographical divisions which then corresponded with a military division (Sheps and Pitcavage, 1995).In 1792, Anthony Wayne was one of the first great training generals for combat. Training and discipline gradually improved through the early 1800s . jumbo regiments increased confidence and better training led to more disciplined ranks. However, this training fell off in the years preceding the Civil War, and the problems recurred for both the North and the South during the war (Black, 2002).Drills and operations soft revived. At the beginning of the Civil War two manuals describing the duties of the NCO had been published. They were called Infantry Tactics by General Winfield Scott and denudate and Light Infantry Tactics by Colonel William J. Hardee. According to these manuals, the NCO was to keep military cadence and direction, act as general guides and to instruct new recruits. In addition, they were to learn to give commands (Fisher, 2001)Even extremely specific instructions began to be printed. IN addition to his two part explications on the care and cleaning of the musket, Alan Bowling wrote the following in his report on military drills around the time of the Civil WarThis is not meant as a criticism of anyone but as a way of standardizing our drill practices and helping the 5th look knifelike at drill as from accounts I have read the original members of the Missouri Brigade were known for their sharp drill. At our recent Spring Drill I noticed there was some cloudiness on conducting the inspection of arms, particularly the proper way for a soldier to give and take his musket to and from the inspecting officer or NCO. (2006).Indeed other duties of the NCO were to make sure that all supplies, including helmets and weapons, were kept clean (Fisher, 2001).WeaponsEarly skirmishes saw the use of virtually anything as a weapon. One example is the use of the pitchfork during Shays riot in 1787. However, as more organized fighting progressed, aim and use of cover were more cardinal than the weapons used. The musket had only one real advantage over the bow and arrow, that being that the bow and arrow was more likely to be deflected by vegetation. The musket was hard to repair due to a lack of equipm ent, skill and experience, and nearly all of the ammunition had to be brought from Europe (Black, 2002).The introduction of the mass produced percussion cap of the early 1800s made the rifle a little more dependable because of the reduction of misfires. James H. Burton made an important overture to the bullets used by theses NCOs by giving it a hollow base. This bullet was less expensive, could be topically produced and was far more accurate than earlier bullets (Black, 2002).Developments in guns included the Union Repeating Rifle which eliminated the need to reload as often as they had to with the musket and early rifles. The Gatling gun was one of the first machine guns, but it wasnt utilized much prior to the Civil War because it ate up too much ammunition and was difficult to transport across the terrain (Black, 2002).FormationsThe early NCOs were to maintain formations that seemed more like Napoleonic warfare. The leadership were more interested in establishing positions and destruction of the opposing army no matter where they were located. They would often swerve to use the bayonets and choose instead to fall back and fire from their muskets, which, as previously noted, were not at all accurate and forced the men to shoot, stop and reload over and over again. Even afterwards the Repeating Rifle (AKA the Ager gun) appeared, the generals were reluctant to change their conservative ways and use them (Black, 2002).ConclusionThe NCO is considered the backbone of the US host with two responsibilities accomplishment of the mission and the welfare of the soldiers (NCO CREED). From its history in voluntary service in the basal war to its intermediary services now, the NCO has always had a vital role in American historyReferencesBowling, Allen. (2006). connection Drill. Reprinted in 5th Missouri Infantry Newsletter ArticlesAvailable from http//fifthmo.tripod.com/id7.htmlBlack, Jeremy, (2002). America as a Military Power, 1775-1865. computerized tomography Praeger.Fisher, Ernest. (2001). Guardians of the Republic A archives of the Non-Commissioned OfficerCorps. of the US Army. Pennsylvania Stackpole Publishing.Karsten, Peter. (2001). The US Citizen-Soldiers Past, Present, and Likely Future. Parameters,Summer 2001, pp. 61-73.NCO Creed. (2006). Available from https//www.army.mil/leaders/leaders/sma/ncocreed.htmlRees, John U. (1995). The proportion of Women which ought to be allowed An Overview ofContinental Army Female Camp Followers. The Continental Soldier (Journal of theContinental Line) VIII (3), Spring, pp. 51-58.Sheps and Pitcavage. (1995). The History of Militia in America. Available fromhttp//archive.adl.org/mwd/faq3.asp

Swisher Mower and Machine Company (Smc)

RECOMMENDATION Swisher Mower and Machine Company should reject the offer to produce the Private-Label brand. rule Standard Riding Mower contribution per unit would slaver from $97 to $33. 98, which is $63. 02 per mower. (Appendix 4) Contribution Margin would drop from 14. 92% to 5. 5%, which is 9. 42%. (Appendix 4) Swisher Mower would only profit $62,819 from producing the 8,200 units in the Private-Label in the first beat year of production. (Appendix 5) oProfit per mower is only $7. 66 per unit. Cannibalization of SMC current mower is ($29,000) loss from the private-label brand. Plus, the loss of additional little independent dealer in the future since there will be an overlap in job areas. (Appendix 3) SMC will incur additional labor cost on 2,450 units because the factory is already at replete capacity. oThis results in additional $63,700 overtime labor cost, which is $7. 77 per unit. (Appendix 1) With the increase in labor, materials, overhead, and property tax, the additi onal protean cost is $30. 52 per unit. Appendix 1) oThis brings the total variable cost to $583. 52. (Appendix 4) SMC will only be do $7. 66 per mower, and the company wants them to pay $22 per hour for any maintenance on a mower under warranty. Therefore SMC would have to sell 3 additional mowers to cover each hour encounter done to a mower under warranty. The accounts receivable and inventory carrying cost for the private-label brand is $175,789. 97, $59,386. 73 and $116,412. 24 respectively. (Appendix 2) The image of company would be altered since SMC would double their sales with one private-label product.Since the company has a personality of being small and personal introducing the private-label could be detrimental to their current business. Remain status quo and on fair increase profit by 10% and continue to widen the breathe of the product lines, Trim-Max. APPENDICES cecal appendage 1 Incremental Cost for Private Label Direct Labor Cost $650 x 4% = $26 Additional Labor for 2,450 units = 2,450 x $26 = $63,700 / 8,200 units = $7. 77 per Unit Direct Materials Cost $650 x 1% = $6. 50 Additional Overhead $650 x 1% = $6. 50 Additional Property Tax $650 x 1. % = $9. 75 Total Additional Var. Cost = $7. 77 + $6. 50 + $6. 50 + $9. 75 = $30. 52 APPENDIX 2 Carrying Cost for Private Label Accounts Receivable A/R disorder Rate = 365 / 45 = 8. 1 8,200 units x $617. 50 = $5,063,500 / 8. 1 = 625,123. 46 x 9. 5% = $59,386. 73 Inventory Inv. Turnover Rate = 5. 8 Average Inv. = 2,100 units Unit Cost = $583. 52 2,100 units x $583. 52 = $1,225,392 x 9. 5% = $116,412. 24 Total Carrying Cost = A/R + Inv. = $175,798. 97 APPENDIX 3 Cannibalization SMC mower = $650 $553 = $97 Contribution Per Unit Units Lost = 300 $97 x 300 = ($29,100)

History of Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

History of Latin America - Essay Examplehe financial means for Spain that allowed it to drop Europe for nearly one hundred years.4 Mining silver, however, was not an uncomplicated business undertaking and call for planning and workforce management strategies. The Spaniards developed childbed systems that were not beneficial to the natives, however. The discovery of silver in Spanish America changed the lives of natives through developing the mita service and importing black slaves, which transformed the latters socio-economic, demographic, and cultural characteristics.The industry of silver mining was the biggest and most complex industries in the Indies, which altered the economic and kind infrastructures of the natives in different degrees through its innovations with the mita system. Silver mining was concentrated in north central Mexico and the highlands of hurrying Peru.5 Mining it needed a massive workforce with a combination of practiced and unskilled laborers.6 The skil led laborers maintained the shafts, drainage, and ventilation systems, while the unskilled ones supernumerarycted the ore from the pits.7 The state changed the economic and social organization of the natives, in ordination to fit the labor needs of the silver mines.8 The Spaniards developed its specialized workforce system through corporate trust private organizational efforts and state-controlled public services.9 In Peru, Don Francisco Toledo elaborated Spains forced labor system through combining Inca-establish mita system and recently made Spanish labor practices.10 The mita system induce native adult laborers to work at faraway mines. Miners received very poor remuneration and worked at perilous mine conditions. They were paid in silver, but the costs of food, lodging, tools, and clothing left them with nothing. The owners of the mines made extra money from selling these basic commodities to the natives, since the mines were far from communities. In Mexico, native families e xperienced socio-economic transition from being communal-work based